* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download evolution 2017 - week 3
Behavioural genetics wikipedia , lookup
Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia wikipedia , lookup
Medical genetics wikipedia , lookup
Dual inheritance theory wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Gene expression programming wikipedia , lookup
Heritability of IQ wikipedia , lookup
Genetic testing wikipedia , lookup
Public health genomics wikipedia , lookup
Polymorphism (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Human genetic variation wikipedia , lookup
Koinophilia wikipedia , lookup
Genetic drift wikipedia , lookup
Monday – 2/6 • Grab your binder as you come in. • Answer the following question on your whiteboard. Evidence for Evolution • We will be taking notes and answering questions as we work through the various types of evidence for evolution. • Be sure to follow along in your notes packet. Section 6: Evidence of Evolution Evidence supporting Darwin’s theory has come from many sources: • Fossil Record • Homologous Structures (Comparative anatomy of organisms) • Developmental Patterns • Biogeography (Distribution) • Similarity of DNA • Adaptations Section 6: Fossil Record The fossil record shows a successional appearance and disappearance of species. Section 6: Fossils Section 6: Fossils Section 6: Fossils Use the image of the fossil record to answer the following questions. 1. Which organism is the oldest? Trilobite 1. Which organism most recently evolved? Fern 1. List the organisms that are only found in one layer of strata (rock). Trilobite and Ammonite Section 7: Comparative Anatomy Homologous Structures = Same structure, different function. Usually indicates common ancestry (divergent). Example: Wing, arm, and fin Homo = Same These organisms probably came from the same ancestor (these are all mammals in the example) Section 7: Comparative Anatomy Analogous Structures = different structure, same function. Usually indicates they evolved separately, but in similar environments (convergent). Example: Bird Wing Butterfly Wing Bat Wing The wings are all used for flight, but the organisms are not related – bird, insect, mammal. Section 7: Comparative Anatomy Vestigial Structures = structures without function They are remnants of evolutionary past Example: Whales have a pelvis, but they no longer walk on land. Do humans have vestigial structures? Sure! Structural: appendix, tailbone, wisdom teeth Behavioral (goose bumps and palmar grasp reflex), Sensory (decreased olfaction) Molecular (junk DNA). Section 7: Comparative Anatomy Section 7: Comparative Anatomy Section 7: Comparative Anatomy Section 7: Comparative Anatomy Section 7: Comparative Anatomy Section 7: Comparative Anatomy Section 7: Comparative Anatomy Tuesday 2/7 Section 8: Embryology (Developmental Patterns) • Embryos are similar when they are developing • It is hard to notice the difference between a chicken embryo and a human embryo in the early stages. • At one point, human embryos develop a coating of fur! Embryo Image Link Section 8: Embryology Section 8: Embryology Section 8: Embryology Section 9: Biogeography Similar environments on the different continents have produced similar adaptations in unrelated species. Similar ecological opportunities on different continents have resulted in convergent evolution among these and other mammals. Mammals that feed on ants and termites evolved not once but five times in different regions. Powerful front claws; a long, hairless snout; and a tongue covered with sticky saliva are common adaptations in these insect-eating animals. Section 10: Molecular Biology Closely related species will have more similarities in their DNA and genes. Station 10: Molecular Biology Station 10: Molecular Biology Friday – 2/5 • Grab your binder as you come in. • Answer the following question on your whiteboard. Review Packet • Use the remainder of the class to begin your review. • Raise your hand if you have a question. • Make sure you bring your review and your notes home with you over the weekend to study. • Your test in on Tuesday!!! Wednesday – 2/8 • Grab your binder as you come in. • Answer the following question on your whiteboard. For the following situations, identify if the situation reflects the Founders Effect or Bottleneck. In the 1700s, a small group of Europeans settled in eastern Pennsylvania. Among this small group was an individual who carried an allele for Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. Ellis-van Creveld syndrome is a very rare form of dwarfism causing short stature, extra fingers (polydactyly), abnormal teeth and nails, and heart defects. The allele for Ellis-van Creveld syndrome is found at a frequency of 7% in the Pennsylvania Amish in comparison to only 0.1% in the general population. The low allelic frequency of 0.1% was also the allelic frequency of the original European population from which the Amish migrated. While the Amish live in close proximity to large, diverse human populations that would be capable of breeding, the culture of the Amish restricts marriage outside of the group. This results in genetic isolation and group interbreeding that allows the frequency of the allele for Ellis-van Creveld syndrome to not only persist but increase over time. Answer: Founders Effect Northern elephant seals were hunted in the 1890s. Hunting reduced their population size to as few as 20 individuals at the end of the 19th century. Their population has since rebounded to over 30,000— but their genes still carry the marks of this incidence. They have much less genetic variation than a population of southern elephant seals that was not so intensely hunted. Answer: Bottleneck The Afrikaner population of Dutch settlers in South Africa is descended mainly from a few colonists. Today, the Afrikaner population has an unusually high frequency of the gene that causes Huntington’s disease, because those original Dutch colonists just happened to carry that gene with unusually high frequency. Plickers! For the following questions, hold your PLICKER with the letter of the correct answer facing up. Hold your card level. Everyone’s plicker is different, every answer choice is on a different side. There’s no point trying to copy the way you hold your plicker. Answers are anonymous, so please put what you think is the right answer so we can discuss. The goal is to learn from your mistakes! The fact that South and Central American Indians are nearly 100% type O for the ABO blood system is best explained as being the result of: a) genetic drift b) natural selection c) the founder principle The fact that South and Central American Indians are nearly 100% type O for the ABO blood system is best explained as being the result of: a) genetic drift b) natural selection c) the founder principle Which of the following is true of genetic bottlenecks? a) They occur when there are major environmental changes that alter natural selection so that most members of a species die before reproducing. b) The result is usually increased genetic diversity in a population following a genetic bottleneck. c) They reduce the fertility of the survivors. Which of the following is true of genetic bottlenecks? a) They occur when there are major environmental changes that alter natural selection so that most members of a species die before reproducing. b) The result is usually increased genetic diversity in a population following a genetic bottleneck. c) They reduce the fertility of the survivors. Mutations must occur in what types of cells before they can be important in evolutionary change within a population? a. gametes b. somatic cells c. autosomes d. blood cells Mutations must occur in what types of cells before they can be important in evolutionary change within a population? a. gametes b. somatic cells c. autosomes d. blood cells The movement of alleles from one population to another by the migration of individuals is called? a. gene flow b. genetic drift c. natural selection d. genetic bottleneck The movement of alleles from one population to another by the migration of individuals is called? a. gene flow b. genetic drift c. natural selection d. genetic bottleneck Which of the following is not a type of genetic drift: a. bottleneck effect b. founder effect c. gene flow Which of the following is not a type of genetic drift: a. bottleneck effect b. founder effect c. gene flow A plant population is 50% BB and 50% bb. After random mating among all these individuals, we expect a) the F1 to be 100% Bb b) the F1 to be 50% BB and 50% bb c) the F1 to be 25% BB, 50% Bb, and 25% bb d) the F1 to be randomly composed of BB, Bb, and bb individuals A plant population is 50% BB and 50% bb. After random mating among all these individuals, we expect a) the F1 to be 100% Bb b) the F1 to be 50% BB and 50% bb c) the F1 to be 25% BB, 50% Bb, and 25% bb d) the F1 to be randomly composed of BB, Bb, and bb individuals Traditionally, human males with the genetic disease hemophilia often died before they reached reproductive age. If modern medical treatment allows most hemophiliacs to lead long and fruitful lives, what will happen to the frequency of the allele responsible for hemophilia? a) It should increase in frequency. b) It should decrease in frequency. c) It should not change in frequency. d) Change in frequency will be unpredictable due to random events. Traditionally, human males with the genetic disease hemophilia often died before they reached reproductive age. If modern medical treatment allows most hemophiliacs to lead long and fruitful lives, what will happen to the frequency of the allele responsible for hemophilia? a) It should increase in frequency. b) It should decrease in frequency. c) It should not change in frequency. d) Change in frequency will be unpredictable due to random events. Which of the following factors is most likely to contribute to gene flow between populations? A) random mating B) migration C) mutation D) genetic drift E) inbreeding Which of the following factors is most likely to contribute to gene flow between populations? A) random mating B) migration C) mutation D) genetic drift E) inbreeding Evolution by natural selection works best on a population having no variation. A) True B) False Evolution by natural selection works best on a population having no variation. A) True B) False Which statement most accurately reflects what population geneticists refer to as "fitness"? A) Fitness is the measure of an organism's adaptability to various habitats. B) Fitness reflects the number of mates each individual of the population selects. C) Fitness refers to the relative health of each individual in the population. D) Fitness is a measure of the contribution of a genotype to the gene pool of the next generation. Which statement most accurately reflects what population geneticists refer to as "fitness"? A) Fitness is the measure of an organism's adaptability to various habitats. B) Fitness reflects the number of mates each individual of the population selects. C) Fitness refers to the relative health of each individual in the population. D) Fitness is a measure of the contribution of a genotype to the gene pool of the next generation. Friday – 2/10 IT’S TEST DAY! • Take your review and your notes out on your desk. • Take 5 minutes to look over your notes and ask me any questions you may have.