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Islam Expands In spite of internal conflict, the Muslims create a huge empire that includes land on three continents. Muhammad’s Successors spread Islam A New Leader In 632 Muhammad dies; Muslims elect Abu-Bakr to be the first caliph Caliph, title for Muslim leader, means “successor” or “deputy” Picture at right depicts Abu-Bakr dying Speech by Abu Bakr “O people, I have been appointed by rule over you, though I am not the best among you. If I do well, help me, and if I do ill correct me. Truth is loyalty and falsehood is treachery…Obey me as long as I obey the Prophet. And if I disobey God and his Prophet you do not owe me obedience. Come to prayer, and my God have mercy on you.” “Rightly Guided” Caliphs First four caliphs guided by Quran and Muhammad’s actions What changes did they make during their rule? They mobilized highly disciplined armies that conquered Arabia, parts of the Byzantine Empire, and parts of the Sassanid Empire. Why were they successful in their quest to expand the empire and spread Islam? 1. Muslims were willing to fight to extend and defend Islam. 2. Armies were well disciplined and expertly commanded. 3. Surrounding empires like the Byzantine empire were weak. 4. People who had suffered from religious persecution welcomed the more tolerant invaders. 5. Attracted to Islam’s offer of equality and hope 6. Attracted by the economic benefit for Muslims of not having to pay a poll tax Muslim expansion Treatment of Conquered Peoples Muslim invaders tolerate other religions Christians, Jews receive special consideration as “people of the book” but were not allowed to spread their religion Four Rightly Guided Caliphs Abu Bakr (elected) Umar (elected) (murdered) Uthman (elected) (murdered) Ali (elected) (murdered)-Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law Led to Umayyad Dynasty (661-750) Quote from Muhammad “Those who will be most clearly punished on the Day of Judgment are one who murders a prophet, one who has been put to death by a prophet, one who leads men astray; and the maker of images and pictures.” Internal Conflict Creates a Crisis What ended the elective system of choosing a caliph? The assassination of Ali and the rise to power of the Umayyads Umayyads Wealthy family, Umayyads take power What changes did the Umayyads make during their rule? 1. Move capital to Damascus 2. Abandon the simple life of previous caliphs 3. Surround themselves with wealth and ceremony (See mosque at right in Damascus) Map of Middle East Umayyads cont. What led to the downfall of the Umayyads? Vigorous religious and political opposition The majority of Muslims accepted the Umayyads’ rule. However, a minority continued to resist. Sunni-Shi’a Split Shi’a-party of Ali-believe caliph should be Muhammad’s descendant (Members are called Shiites.) Sunni-followers of Muhammad’s examplesupport Umayyads (Today-most of Islamic world) Sufi followers pursue life of poverty, spirituality; reject Umayyads Abbasids How did the Abbasids come to power? in 750, a rebel group-the Abbasids-topple the Umayyads; murder the Umayyad family; one prince escapes and flees to Spain; establishes new Umayyad caliphate in al-Andalus (Muslim state in southern Spain settled by North Africans) Abbasids cont 750-1258 AD What changes did they make during their rules? 1. Moved the capital to a newly created city (Baghdad) 2. Developed strong bureaucracy to conduct the affairs of the huge empire 3. Created a system of taxation and strong trade network Map of Middle East Abbasids cont. What major problem did the Abbasids face? They failed to keep complete political control over their immense empire. Broke up into smaller states. Still united by three things: Trade, language, Quran (religion) Muslim Trade Network Muslims trade by land and sea with Asia and Europe Muslim merchants use Arabic, single currency and checks Cordoba in Spain is dazzling center of Muslim culture Review Questions-True or False and correct the False statements 1. The word caliph means “Allah servant” and was the title given to each leader of the Muslim Empire following Muhammad. 2. The first 4 caliphs to rule after Muhammad’s death were elected by the Muslim community and were known as the “rightly chosen” caliphs. 3. During the Umayyad caliphate, the rulers moved the capital to Damascus and began to indulge in a luxurious lifestyle. Questions cont. 4. The group of Muslims that pursued a life of poverty and spirituality, similar in many ways to that of Buddhist or Christian monks, were called the Sufi. 5. The Shia are the members of the larger of the two main divisions of Islam and embrace Muhammad’s example as the best guidance for how to lead a proper Muslim life.