Download DNA - Renton School District

Instructions: Create a detailed paragraph answering our
Essential Question. Include important concepts about each
idea in the bubble and the connecting ideas. You may use
the template below to help organize your thoughts.
WHOT
 During
Week 8
3/27
the video, write down one
predatory/prey relationship and one
symbiotic relationship
3/28
 Last
semester we learned about Madeline,
a girl who suffered from anorexia and was
losing weight at an unhealthy rate.
 Where
did her mass go?
Let’s Look at your pre-test.
 In
a separate colored writing utensil, fix
your answers for #’s 1-3
DNA-Quick Write: Do the Cells…
 the same functions?
 the same proteins?
 the same DNA?
Explain your thinking!
Does the DNA in your body change as you go
through puberty? Explain your thinking.
http://www.aolcdn.com/aolportal/leonardo-dicaprio-departed-z-200a100406.jpg
What changes occur to a salmon when it spawns?
http://www.washington.edu/newsroom/news/images/sockeye-salmon-lr.jpg
http://www.bcgamefisher.com/Sockeye%20smiles.JPG
•Does the sequence of a salmon’s DNA change when
it spawns?
•Do the salmon’s proteins change when it spawns?
How does DNA work?
 Where in the cell is the
DNA?
 if DNA can’t get out of
nucleus, what carries the
information it contains out
to the cell?
 Bonus review… What part
the cell makes proteins?
How does DNA get its information to the
cell?
 Information stored in DNA determines which proteins
can be made by a cell.
 Proteins determine most characteristics of a cell and
organism.
• Ribosomes are where proteins are made.
• How do ribosomes know what proteins to make?
Information flow from DNA to trait
•Ribosomes are where proteins are made.
•How do ribosomes know what proteins to make?
DNA
Stored in
nucleus
?
protein
Made by
ribosomes
outside of
nucleus
Observed
trait
Information flow from DNA to trait
DNA
Stored in
nucleus
messenger
RNA
protein
Made by
ribosomes
outside of
nucleus
Observed
trait
mRNA: the messenger
mRNA transfers
information from
the DNA in the
nucleus to the
ribosomes.
Ribosomes build
proteins
according to the
mRNA
information
received.
Compare/Contrast DNA and RNA
 DNA
 Nucleic acid
 Deoxyribose sugar
 Double stranded
 Thymine (T)
 RNA
 Nucleic acid
 Ribose sugar
 Single stranded
 Uracil (U)
In RNA
T goes to U
Can you spot the difference?
DNA information  mRNA information
DNA
messenger
RNA
Transcription is the process used to
convert DNA information into mRNA
information.
Note: DNA does not become RNA; the information in DNA is
copied into RNA.
Compare/Contrast DNA and RNA
 DNA
 Nucleic acid
 Double stranded
 Deoxyribose sugar
 Thymine
 RNA
 Nucleic acid
 Single stranded
 Ribose sugar
 Uracil (instead of
Thymine)
Think back to our unit on cells…
 Where is DNA located in the cell?
 Where is protein made in a cell?
Grab a book if you need a reminder….
or find your “Cell Components” handout.
Different Sugars
DNA
RNA
Can you spot the difference?
Different Bases
Can you spot the difference?
DNA:
double stranded
RNA:
single stranded
Homework
 DNA Transcription Practice
Biology
 Take out your “Transcription Practice”
worksheet.
 Check with your neighbor – did you get the
same answers?
 Warm Up:
 What is the difference between:

mRNA, tRNA and rRNA?
Week 8:
3/29
 Copy below and Fill in the Red boxes under your
“The Central Dogma of Biology”
DNA
Stored in
nucleus
?
?
Made by
ribosomes
outside of
nucleus
Observed
trait
Give an
example of
a trait
Compare/Contrast DNA and RNA
 DNA
 Nucleic acid
 Double stranded
 Deoxyribose sugar
 A,T,C,G
 RNA
 Nucleic acid
 Single stranded
 Ribose sugar
 A,C,G, Uracil (instead of
Thymine)
Transcription
 To get from DNA  mRNA
DNA
Stored in
nucleus
mRNA
?
Made by
ribosomes
outside of
nucleus
Observed
trait
Give an
example of
a trait
Compare/Contrast DNA and RNA
 DNA
 Nucleic acid
 Double stranded
 Deoxyribose sugar
 Thymine
 RNA
 Nucleic acid
 Single stranded
 Ribose sugar
 Uracil (instead of
Thymine)
Transcription of RNA from a template strand of DNA
 RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA and makes a complimentary
sequence.
If the DNA code is this:
ATGCTCAATGTATTT
TACGAGTTACATAAA
5’
3’
3’
5’
What would the mRNA code
be for this strand?
 Rules of transcription Just like DNA replication except
-Replace all Thymines with Uracils.
 Use your normal base pairing rules.
TU

Translation
 To get from mRNA  Protein
DNA
Stored in
nucleus
mRNA
protein
Made by
ribosomes
outside of
nucleus
Observed
trait
Give an
example of
a trait
http://www.ch.cam.ac.uk/magnus/molecules/amino/
There are 20 types
of amino acids.
Amino acids are
protein subunits (like
deoxyribonucleotides
are DNA subunits and
ribonuleotides are RNA
subunits).
The “code” of translation
mRNA nucleotides are translated in
groups of 3 called codons.
AUGCACUGCAGUCGAUGA
CODONS
Each codon is made of 3 base pairs acids.
Each codon codes for a specific amino acid.
For example:
mRNA codon
AAU
CGC
GGG
amino acid
asparagine
arginine
glycine
 20 different amino acids can be used in different
combinations to form a protein.
 How does the cell figure out what order they go in?
Start Codon
 Every single protein in the entire world starts with the
same codon.
 AUG – Start – (met)
So now that the ribosomes have a “message”,
how do they turn it into a protein?
 Translation!
 What does the term “translation” mean?
 Change from one language (or code) to another.
 Translation turns the code of RNA into PROTEIN.
The “code” of translation
mRNA nucleotides are translated in
groups of 3 called codons.
AUGCACUGCAGUCGAUGA
CODONS
http://www.ch.cam.ac.uk/magnus/molecules/amino/
There are 20 types
of amino acids.
Amino acids are
protein subunits (like
deoxyribonucleotides
are DNA subunits and
ribonuleotides are RNA
subunits).
WHOT
5’
3’
3/30
ATGCTCAATGTATTT
TACGAGTTACATAAA
AUGCUCAAUGUAUUU
3’
5’
Transcribe and Translate the
DNA
Use the bottom strand as the template for mRNA
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gG7uCskUOrA
Each codon is made of 3 base pairs acids.
Each codon codes for a specific amino acid.
For example:
mRNA codon
AAU
CGC
GGG
amino acid
asparagine
arginine
glycine
 20 different amino acids can be used in different
combinations to form a protein.
 How does the cell figure out what order they go in?
Use this table to
TRANSLATE your
mRNA sequence
into AMINO ACID
sequence.
Textbook: Page 303
*AUG is a special case. It is the stop/start codon for Eukaryotes
The amino acid it codes for is methionine (met)
Translate this DNA sequence into an AMINO
ACID sequence.
Homo sapiens DRD2 receptor
DNA: ATG CCC ACT ACA ACT ACT TAA
TAC GGG TGA TGT TGA TGA ATT
mRNA: AUG CCC ACU ACA ACU ACU UAA
Amino A: Met Pro Thr Thr Thr Thr STOP
Note that one amino acid can be coded by
several different nucleotide sequences! This
is called “wobble”.
When you hit a STOP codon, you’ve found the
end of the amino acid sequence.
What are the steps and components of the
TRANSLATION process?
1.
mRNA- the message to be translated into protein.
2.
Amino acids- the building blocks that are linked
together to form the protein.
3.
Ribosomes- the “machines” (located in the
cytoplasm) that carry out translation.
 Use the remaining time to work on independent
practice.
WHOT
Week 8
3/27
 During the video, write down one predatory/prey
relationship and one symbiotic relationship
3/28
 Last semester we learned about Madeline, a girl who
suffered from anorexia and was losing weight at an
unhealthy rate.
 Where did her mass go?
Week 8:
3/29
 Copy below and Fill in the Red boxes under your
“The Central Dogma of Biology”
DNA
Stored in
nucleus
?
?
Made by
ribosomes
outside of
nucleus
Observed
trait
Give an
example of
a trait
WHOT
5’
3’
3/30
ATGCTCAATGTATTT
TACGAGTTACATAAA
AUGCUCAAUGUAUUU
3’
5’
Transcribe and Translate the
DNA
Use the bottom strand as the template for mRNA
 https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x4fjy56
 We’ve already seen this video, lets see how much more
we understand now
 Starting @ 37min
Learning Target: (haven’t used)
 Warm Up – Take out a sheet of paper match the
following Protein Synth pieces to their appropriate
construction job.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Blueprints
Workers
Master Plan
Foreman’s Office
Construction Site
Building materials
Finished Building
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Nucleus
Ribosomes
DNA
Protein
Cell
mRNA
Amino Acids
Week 9
4/3
Reminder: Cell phones in backpacks,
backpacks at side of the room
Define each word, and describe how they
are involved in translation
the message that gets the information
from the nucleus to the ribosome
1.
mRNA-
2.
Amino acids- the building blocks that are linked
together to form the protein.
3.
Ribosomes-
the “machines” (located in the
cytoplasm) that make proteins.
Am I a carrier?
 Pg 170
 AQ 1-6 #6A and C only
Ryan Clark
4/4
TAC
 Use the flow chart from the central dogma to describe
how a change in 1 letter of DNA changes the protein
from normal to sickle cell.
DNA
Change
here
mRNA
protein
Observed
trait
1
2
3
Should babies be sequenced?
 As
a class, we will read a story about
sequencing babies DNA when their born?
Title: Genetic Engineering Dilemma
Task #1: Tuesday (4/4/17)
A new law will make it mandatory to
sequence the genetic code of ALL
newborn children.
Task #2: Wednesday (4/5/17)
Task: State your position….for or
against AND defend your position.
Task #3: Thursday (4/6/17)
Task #4: Friday (4/7/17)

https://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=jAhjPd4
uNFY
Protein Synthesis
4 roles
 mRNA – Go to the nucleus and get the code
from the DNA. Must write down bases that
compliment the DNA…and use “U” instead of
“T”.
 Ribosome – stays at the ribosome “lab table”,
reads the message from mRNA..each 3
letters is a codon, and tells tRNA which
anticodon to get.
 tRNA – goes to the cytoplasm and gets the
correct complimentary anticodon (one at a
time) and returns it to the ribosome.
 Ribosome – turns the anticodon over and
writes down the word.
Check your sentence with Pollard to see if it is
correct. It must be correct before you can move
on to the next one.
 For full credit you must complete 4 sentences
correctly.
 Each additional sentence completed
correctly will be worth 2 extra credit points.
What are the steps and components of
the TRANSLATION process?
tRNA (transfer RNA)brings an amino acid to the
mRNA and ribosome.
4.
•
•
One end of a tRNA
molecule has a specific
amino acid.
The other end has an
anticodon that
complements a mRNA
codon.
http://www.wiley.com/legacy/college/boyer/0470003790/structure/tRNA/trna_intro.htm
The protein chain is built one amino acid at a time.
http://www.sciwrite.caltech.edu/journal03/A-L/ding.html
-
+
N
Amino
acid
N
C
S
N
C
C U A
U C U
C
tRNA
U A C
Anti-codon
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
Ribosome
mRNA
Use the code on page 303 to translate the mRNA sequence.
-
+
N
Amino
acid
N
C
S
N
C U A
U C U
C
tRNA
U A C
Anti-codon
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
Ribosome
mRNA
C
S
N
+
C
N
C
U A C U C U
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
Codon
S
+
-
N
C
N
C
N
C
U A C U C U C U G
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
Codon
S
+
-
N
CN
C
N
C
U C U C U G
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
S
+
-
N
CN
CN
C
N H C
U C U C U G C C A
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
Codon
S
+
-
N
CN
CN
C
N H C
C U G C C A
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
S
+
-
N
CN
CN
CN H C
N H C
C U G C C A C C G
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
Codon
S
+
-
N
CN
CN
CN H C
N H C
C C A C C G
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
S
+
+
-
N
CN
CN
CN H C N H C
N
C
C C A C C G U C C
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
S
+
+
-
N
CN
CN
CN H C N H C
N
C
C C G U C C
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
S
+
+
-
N
CN
CN
CN H C N H C N
C
N
C
C C G U C C C U A
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
S
+
+
-
N
CN
CN
CN H C N H C N
C
N
C
U C C C U A
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
S
+
+
-
N
CN
CN
CN H C N H C N
CN
C
Release
factor
U C C C U A A U U
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
STOP
Codon
Chain of amino acids
N
(polypeptide)
S
+
+
-
CN
CN
CN H C N H C N
CN
C
C U A A U U
A U G A G A G A C G G U G G C A G G G A U U A A
N
+
CN H C N H C N
+
-
CN
-
+
CN
-
C
N
+
S
S
H
Protein folding
CN
C
N
+
-
-
+
C
S
Functional protein
The steps of translation
 Do you have all the steps? Check your
procedure against the animation!
 http://www.wisc-
online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP1
302
Transcription & translation:
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJxobgkPEAo&fea
ture=related
Biology
 Check your Transcription & Translation
procedure with a partner.
 Are you missing any steps?
 If you are, make sure to add them in!
 Friday: Exam & Homework Collection
What are the steps of transcription?
1.
In the nucleus, RNA polymerase binds to the
DNA molecule at the promoter sequence.
2.
RNA polymerase separates the DNA strand and
uses the TEMPLATE strand to TRANSCRIBE a
pre-mRNA copy, using free ribonucleotides.
3.
In eukaryotes, the completed pre-mRNA strand
is “edited”, removing introns. The remaining
exons are spliced together, forming the mRNA.
4.
mRNA is exported to the cytoplasm where it
binds a ribosome.
What are the steps of translation?
1.
The ribosome scans the mRNA molecule until it
finds a START codon (AUG = Methionine).
2.
The tRNA with the anticodon that
complements the START codon on the mRNA
binds to the first site on the ribosome.
3.
Another tRNA with the anticodon that
complements the second codon on the mRNA
binds to the second site on the ribosome.
Translation continued….
4.
A peptide bond forms between the first two amino
acids that were linked to the first two tRNA
molecules.
5.
The first tRNA seperates from its amino acid and
leaves, and the ribosome moves along the mRNA to
the next codon.
6.
The next tRNA brings in the next amino acid, and a
peptide bond is formed between this amino acid
and the growing amino acid chain.
7.
The process continues with the ribosome moving
along the mRNA molecule and the amino acids
linking together until a STOP codon is reached.
The AMINO ACID sequence of a protein
determines its 3-D shape and function.
 Interactions between amino acids and their
environment cause folding and bending of the chain.
Examples:
 Positive (+) and negative (-) parts of amino acids are
attracted to each other.
 Hydrophobic regions are repelled by aqueous solutions
and fold up next to each other.
 Folding
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/proteins/hydrophobic%20force.swf
 Structure levels
http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/proteins/protein structure.swf
How does your DNA determine your traits?
DNA
mRNA
protein
Observed
trait
•Traits are determined by the function of proteins.
•Protein function is determined by protein shape.
•Protein shape is determined by amino acid sequence.
•Amino acid sequence is determined by DNA sequence.
 Your question today must include tRNA
Learning Target:
4/2
 I can list the different types of mutations and describe
how they can effect an organism.
 Warm Up – Answer the following questions
 In your own words describe what you think a mutation
is.
 Are mutations always bad?
Mutations
 What happens if there is a change in the
DNA nucleotide sequence?
 Sometimes mutations cause NO effect on
the observed trait!
 Some mutations can cause subtle effect,
 Some mutations cause dramatic effects on
observed traits in individuals and
populations.
Mutations during DNA replication can lead to changes
in the amino acid sequences of proteins.
ATGGCT C TAAGT
DNA sequence:
TAC CGA GAT TCA
mRNA sequence:
AUGGCU CUA AGU
amino acid sequence: Met -- Ala -- Leu -- Ser
ATGGCT C TAAGT
DNA sequence:
TAC CGA T
GAT TCA
mRNA sequence:
AUGGCU AUAAGU
amino acid sequence: Met -- Ala -- Iso -- Ser
How does this mutation change the amino
acid sequence?
(Original)
DNA sequence:
mRNA sequence:
amino acid sequence:
TTA CGT ATA CGT
AAT GCA TAT GCA
UUA CGU AUA CGU
Leu
Arg
Ile
Arg
(Mutated)
DNA sequence:
mRNA sequence:
amino acid sequence:
TTA CGT ATA
AAT GCG TAT
UUA CGC AUA
Leu
Arg
Ile
 This is known as a SILENT mutation
CGT
GCA
CGU
Arg
3 types of mutations
Substitution
TACCGA
TG A T T C A
Substituting one nucleotide for another.
Insertion
T A C C G A TG A T T C A
Inserting one or more nucleotides
Deletion
TACCGA GATTCA
Deleting one or more nucleotides
Think of it this way…
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
Substitution:
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
THE FAT CAR ATE THE RAT
Insertion :
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
THE FRAT CAT ATE THE RAT
THE FRA TCA TAT ETH ERA T
Deletion:
THE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
TE FAT CAT ATE THE RAT
TEF ATC ATA TET HER AT
http://www.nj.com/news/index.ssf/2008/08/03-week/
It’s your turn….
 Complete both sides of the “Mutations Practice”
handout.
 You will learn how some mutations can affect the
amino acid sequence of proteins.
 Consider how severe of an effect each mutation would
have on the ability of the protein to function.
4/3
 “I can summarize and analyze the different steps of
DNA replication and Protein Synthesis”
 Warm Up –Directly in Journal.
 Write a paragraph making an analogy between
protein synthesis and a book





DNA
Chromosome
Gene
Protein
Amino Acid
•
•
•
•
•
Book
Chapter
Paragraph
Sentence
Word
Think about it….


We’ve studied replication, transcription, and
translation. A mistake in which of these processes
would result in a mutation?
All three! But only a mistake in REPLICATION gets
passed down to daughter cells.
Mutation Practice
Which mutations had the biggest effect on the
protein sequence? WHY?
2. Which mutations had the smallest effect on the
protein sequence? WHY?
3. Which examples would you predict to have the
biggest effects on a trait? WHY?
4. Which examples would you predict to have the
smallest effects on a trait? WHY?
1.
Different types of mutations happen
Substitution
Insertion
Deletion
TACCGA
TG A T T C A
T A C C G A TG A T T C A
TACCGA GATTCA
Frameshift mutations


1.
2.
One or more than one nucleotide can be added or
deleted with insertion and deletion mutations.
If the number of nucleotides is not a multiple of 3, it is
called a frameshift mutation.
Why do we call this a frameshift mutation?
Can substitution mutations cause frameshifts? Explain
why or why not.
Consequences
of
mutations…
 If a mutation in sperm or egg DNA is not fixed, the
new sequence of DNA is passed on to offspring.
 Over generations, more mutations accumulate.
 As a result, differences occur between people’s DNA
sequences!
How much variation in DNA exists between
2 people?
Hemoglobin (beta) gene sequence from person A
How much variation in DNA exists between
2 people?
Hemoglobin (beta) gene sequence from person B
How much variation in DNA exists between
2 people?
 About 1 in every 1,000 nucleotides is different between
2 people
 (0.1% difference means 99.9% identical)
 We have about 3 billion nucleotides in all, so that
means there are about 3 million nucleotide differences
between 2 people
What is the observed effect of mutations?

No Effect
(think about it: are there 3 million differences between 2 people?)
 Why?
1.
2.

Some mutations code for the same
amino acid
Most mutations are in sequences of
DNA between genes.
Variation – there are a variety of traits in a
population.
Variation can lead to genetic diseases
(p. 346-348)
 Many alleles are harmless, but some can cause
specific diseases.
 One disease caused by a single mutation in
the gene encoding hemoglobin is sickle cell
anemia.
 Human b-hemoglobin
GTG CAC CTG ACT CCT GAG GAG
 Hu b-hemoglobin (sickle cell allele)
GTG CAC CTG ACT CCT GTG GAG
DNA Fun Facts:
 Did you know?
 Each human cell has 3.2 billion bases of DNA that must
be copied each time a cell divides
 If you were to copy one base per second, it would take
the human genome 96 years to replicate before a cell
could divide.
Replication of DNA and Chromosomes
 Speed of DNA replication:
3,000 nucleotides/min in human
30,000 nucleotides/min in E.coli
 Accuracy of DNA replication:
Very precise (1 error/1,000,000,000 nt)
AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and
function
The “Central Dogma”
AS Biology. Gnetic control of protein structure and
function
Q: Where is a gene located in DNA?
A: All over the place.
Human chromosomes consists of stretches of DNA
that have information (genes) interspersed with
stretches of DNA that don’t seem to contain
genetic information.