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 One
gram of _______ “burned” (oxidized) in
presence of _______ = 3811 calories of heat
energy
 A _______ is the amount of _______ needed to
raise the temperature of one gram of water
one degree Celsius.
 Kilocalorie on food labels (1 Calorie = 1000 calories)
 When
cells “burn” glucose, they release the
_______ contained within its _______ bonds.
 Anaerobic: “not
in air”
Does not require _______
• Glycolysis and fermentation
 Aerobic
pathways in cell
respiration need _______
to release _______ from
food.
• Krebs cycle and ETC
 Cellular
respiration is the process that
releases _______ by breaking down
_______ in the presence of _______.
 6O2
+ C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
oxygen + glucose  carbon dioxide + water + energy
Respiration Overview (3:50)
Study diagram on page 222.
The MIGHTY Mitochondrion


Process in which one molecule of _______ is broken in
half, producing two molecules of ________ _______
(pyruvate)
Energy input of ___ _____; ___ _____ produced; net gain of
___ _____.
2 ATP
2 ADP
4 ADP
2NAD+
4 ATP
2
2 Pyruvic
acid
Glycolysis
Two
high-energy _______ and ____ picked up by NAD+ to
make _______
Energy in NADH carried to _____
No _______ needed and high _______ are the advantages.
It’s a form of _____ production in O2-deprived cells (muscle)
and red blood cells (no mitochondria)
2 ATP
2 ADP
4 ADP
2NAD+
Overview of Glycolysis (3:00)
4 ATP
2
2 Pyruvic
acid
 If
there is no _______
present, cell will go
through _____________
 Cells convert _______
to NAD+ by passing
high energy _______
back to _________,
allowing glycolysis to
continue producing a
steady supply of
_____.
 __________ discovered
it’s carried out by
microbes
 Forms
_____________ and _____ as wastes.
 Occurs mainly in _______ and a few other
microorganisms
 Causes bread dough to _______
• When yeast in dough run out of _______, they begin
to ferment, giving off bubbles of ______.
• Small amount of alcohol evaporates.
 Process
explained in 1897 by German chemist
Eduard Buchner – The birth of _____________ how exciting!!!
C6H12O6 + zymase  2C2H5OH + 2CO2


Regenerates NAD+ so _______ can continue.
Produced during vigorous exercise in _______
• Rapid production of ATP

Lactic acid (lactate) is a _______ product
• Buildup of lactate in _____________ causes a painful,
burning sensation, but only temporarily
• Broken down into ____ and _____ by liver
 Moves
the metabolic burden from ___________
to ___________
Metabolism of Lactic Acid – The Cori Cycle
Lactic Acid Fermentation
•
Cheese, yogurt, sour cream, pickles, and
sauerkraut are all produced using lactic
acid fermentation.
 The
first step of cellular respiration is…
 Where
 What
does glycolysis occur?
occurs if there no oxygen present
after glycolysis?
 What
are the two types of fermentation?
 This
type of fermentation occurs in
muscle cells: ________________
 Two
types of phosphorylation in
mitochondrion?


Process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in
half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid (pyruvate)
Energy input of 2 ATP
2 ATP
2 ADP
4 ADP
2NAD+
4 ATP
2
2 Pyruvic
acid





During the Krebs
cycle, _________ is
broken down into CO2
in a series of ________extracting reactions.
Occurs in the _______
of mitochondrion.
First described
by Sir ______
_________ (1937)
Awarded Nobel Prize
in Physiology or
Medicine in 1953
aka: The Citric Acid
Cycle




Begins when __________
enters. One carbon from
pyruvate becomes a part
of _____ and is released
from the cell.
At the same time, 2 _______
are combined with 1 H+ ion
changing NAD+ into _____.
Next, _________ A joins the
remaining 2 carbon
molecules from pyruvate
to form ________-CoA.
Acetyl-CoA adds its twocarbon acetyl group to a 4carbon compound
(oxaloacetate) producing
________ acid (citrate).



_______ is broken
down into a 5-carbon
compound (alphaketoglutarate) and
more _____ is released.
Again, 2 electrons and
1 H+ ion convert NAD+
to NADH.
Then, another carbon
atom leaves in ____ as
a waste product,
leaving the 4-carbon
compound _______
acid (malate).





Following that, NAD+
picks up 2 __________
and an ____ ion and
becomes __________.
Also, ADP is converted
into _____.
Next, ______ picks up 2
__________ and 2 _____
ions and becomes
__________
Finally, another ______
picks up 2 __________
and an _____ ion and
oxaloacetate moves on
to start the cycle again.
Krebs Overview (1:55)
 CO2
released into the _______
 ATP used for cell activities
 NADH and FADH2 used to generate large
amounts of _____ in the ______.
 Where
does the Krebs cycle take place?
 Number
of ATPs generated by Krebs for
each molecule of glucose?
 Two
electron carriers generated by
Krebs?
 Waste
product of Krebs?


The ETC uses high-energy _______ from the _______ _______
to convert 32 ADPs to 32 ATPs.
Series of carrier proteins located in inner ____________ of
______________.
ADP
High-energy
_______ from NADH and FADH2 are passed
from one carrier to the next.
At the end, an enzyme combines these electrons with H+
ions and oxygen to form _______.
________ serves as the final electron acceptor of the ETC.
ADP


Each time 2 ________ travel down the ETC, their energy is
used to pump _____ ions across the membrane from the
matrix to the intermembrane space of the ____________.
_____ ions build up in the intermembrane space, making it
__________ charged and the outside __________ charged.
ADP



This imbalance of _______ between the matrix and the
intermembrane space causes H+ ions to move through _____
___________.
ATP synthase turns when this happens, converting _____ to _____
Average of 3 ATPs for every pair of _________
ETC
Review
(2:02)
ADP
 Number
 Waste
of ATPs produced in ETC?
product of ETC?
 Purpose
of energetic electrons?
 Location
of ETC in eukaryotes? Prokaryotes?
 What
ATP?
enables ATP synthase to produce
The
overall goals of the four
pathways are:
a. Glycolysis: to convert ________into
______ for fermentation or _______
b. Fermentation: to produce ______ to
keep _______ going
c. Krebs: to produce _______ and
_______ for the _____
d. ETC: to produce large amounts of
_____ for the cell






Glycolysis = 2 ATP
Krebs Cycle = 2 ATP
ETC = 32 ATP
TOTAL = 36 ATP
18 times more ATP produced
than _______
Respiration extracts about 38
percent of total _______ of
_______.
Remaining 62 percent
released as ______
 Your
cells contain enough
_____ for only a few
seconds of intense
activity.
 When you participate in
vigorous ________, after a
few seconds your body
will begin to produce
_____ by _______ _______
fermentation.
 This type of ATP
production will last about
90 _______.
________ respiration is the only way to generate a
continuing supply of ______.
 Releases ________ slower than fermentation.

• Which means athletes need to train and pace themselves.
Body stores energy in muscle and liver in the form
of the carb ___________, which can supply energy
for 15-20 mins.
 After that, body breaks down
stored molecules, like ________ &
_______ for energy.

• This is why running, swimming,
etc. are so good for weight control.

_______ flow takes place in
________ directions
• Photosynthesis ________energy;
respiration ___________ energy
Cell respiration occurs in
all eukaryotes and nearly
all prokaryotes.
 Photosynthesis occurs only
in plants, algae, and some
bacteria.
 What happens to O2 and
CO2 in plant cell?
