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Review What did Gregor Mendel do to study different characteristics in his genetics experiments? • a. He studied only asexual plants. • b. He studied only tall and short pea plants. • c. He cross-pollinated plants. • d. He cross-pollinated both plants and animals. In Mendel’s experiments, what proportion of the plants in the F2 generation had a trait that had been absent in the F1 generation? • a. none • b. one fourth • c. half • d. three fourths Factors that control traits are called • a. genes. • b. purebreds. • c. recessives. • d. parents. Scientists call an organism that has two different alleles for a trait a • a. hybrid. • b. trait. • c. purebred. • d. factor. What does the notation TT mean to geneticists? • a. two dominant alleles • b. heterozygous alleles • c. at least one dominant allele • d. one dominant and one recessive allele What does the notation Tt mean to geneticists? • a. two dominant alleles • b. two recessive alleles • c. homozygous alleles • d. one dominant allele and one recessive allele What is probability? • a. the actual results from a series of events • b. a number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur • c. the way the results of one event affect the next event • d. the number of times a coin lands heads up What is the probability of producing a tall pea plant from a genetic cross between two hybrid tall pea plants? • a. one in four • b. two in four • c. three in four • d. four in four What does a Punnett square show? • a. all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross • b. only the dominant alleles in a genetic cross • c. only the recessive alleles in a genetic cross • d. all of Mendel’s discoveries about genetic crosses If a homozygous black guinea pig (BB) is crossed with a homozygous white guinea pig (bb), what is the probability that an offspring will have black fur? • a. 25 percent • b. 50 percent • c. 75 percent • d. 100 percent An organism’s physical appearance is its • a. genotype. • b. phenotype. • c. codominance. • d. heterozygous. A purebred chicken with white feathers is crossed with a purebred chicken that has black feathers. Each of their offspring has both black and white feathers. Why does this happen? • a. Both alleles for feather color are dominant. • b. Both alleles for feather color are recessive. • c. The alleles for feather color are neither dominant nor recessive. • d. Several alleles work together to determine the trait. What is the chromosome theory of inheritance? • a. Chromosomes are carried from parents to offspring on hybrids. • b. Genes are carried from parents to offspring on chromosomes. • c. Hybrid pairs of chromosomes combine to form offspring. • d. Codominant genes combine to form new hybrids. Walter Sutton discovered that the sex cells of grasshoppers have • a. 12 times the number of chromosomes found in the body cells. • b. twice the number of chromosomes found in the body cells. • c. the same number of chromosomes found in the body cells. • d. half the number of chromosomes found in the body cells. What happens during meiosis? • a. Two sex cells combine. • b. Chromosome pairs separate and are distributed into new sex cells. • c. Each sex cell copies itself to form four new chromosomes. • d. Chromosome pairs remain together when new sex cells are formed. When sex cells combine to produce offspring, each sex cell will contribute • a. one fourth the number of chromosomes in body cells. • b. half the number of chromosomes in body cells. • c. the normal number of chromosomes in body cells. • d. twice the number of chromosomes in body cells. What determines the genetic code? • a. the order of nitrogen bases along a gene • b. the number of nitrogen bases in a DNA molecule • c. the order of amino acids in a protein • d. the number of guanine and cytosine bases in a chromosome The order of the bases along a gene determines the order in which • a. sugars are put together to form a carbohydrate. • b. phosphates are arranged in DNA. • c. amino acids are put together to form a protein. • d. chromosomes are arranged in the nucleus. What does messenger RNA do during protein synthesis? • a. copies the coded message from the DNA and carries it into the cytoplasm • b. copies the coded message from the DNA and carries it into the nucleus • c. carries amino acids and adds them to the growing protein • d. copies the coded message from the protein and carries it into the nucleus What do transfer RNA molecules do during protein synthesis? • a. copy the coded message from the protein and carry it into the nucleus • b. copy the coded message from the DNA and carry it into the nucleus • c. carry amino acids and add them to the growing protein • d. copy the coded message from the DNA and carry it into the cytoplasm What is a mutation? • a. any change that is harmful to an organism • b. any change in a gene or chromosome • c. any change that is helpful to an organism • d. any change in the phenotype of a cell A mutation is harmful to an organism if it • a. changes the DNA of the organism. • b. changes the phenotype of the organism. • c. reduces the organism’s chances for survival and reproduction. • d. makes the organism better able to avoid predators. Which term refers to physical characteristics that are studied in genetics? • a. traits • b. offspring • c. generations • d. hybrids The different forms of a gene are called • a. alleles. • b. factors. • c. masks. • d. traits. Where does protein synthesis take place? • a. in the ribosomes in the nucleus of the cell • b. on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm of the cell • c. in the chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell • d. on the chromosomes in the cytoplasm of the cell An organism’s genotype is its • a. genetic makeup. • b. feather color. • c. physical appearance. • d. stem height. Which nitrogen base in RNA is NOT part of DNA? • a. adenine • b. guanine • c. cytosine • d. uracil An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait is • a. codominant. • b. tall. • c. homozygous. • d. heterozygous. Chromosomes are made up of • a. one pair of alleles. • b. many traits joined together. • c. transfer RNA. • d. many genes joined together. A heterozygous organism has • a. three different alleles for a trait. • b. two identical alleles for a trait. • c. only one allele for a trait. • d. two different alleles for a trait.