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Definition Liver is the largest members of the human body and iS located in the upper right part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm behind the ribs. Liver consists of two main lobes lobe and right lobe of the left and others small. At the bottom of the right lobe and the gallbladder is located that relate to the liver through the bile duct, which stores bile secretion by the liver. Role Of Liver In Immunity Cellular Elements of the Innate Immune System of the Liver : In the liver, the hepatocytes comprise approximately 80% of all cells. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells make up most of the nonparenchymal liver cells,( ~50% of nonhepatocytes). The remaining cells in the liver belong to the adaptive immune system (T and B lymphocytes) and the innate immune system (KC, NK cells, and NKT cells). Liver Damage and Impaired Regeneration in C3−/− Mice after PHx The three pathways of complement activation (classical, alternative, and lectin) converge at the central complement component C3. Therefore, C3 deficiency not only eliminates C3 activation and cleavage into active C3 fragments but it also largely prevents the downstream activation of C5 and the release of C5-derived activated fragments (29).This central role of C3 was the basis to study the regenerative phenotype of the corresponding deficient mice (C3−/−). In contrast to their wild-type littermates, C3−/− mice displayed an abnormal regenerative response with a markedly compromised clinical postoperative course. The clinical deterioration of the C3−/− mice became evident between 15 and 24 h after PHx and resulted in a high mortality of 40% (21:52 mice) as compared with 15% (3:20) for their wild-type littermates (P < 0.05). This clinical impairment was associated with disruption of the lobular architecture of the liver and the presence of randomly distributed necrotic areas throughout the parenchyma. Ballooning degeneration was evident in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes adjacent to the necrotic areas This prominent presence of necrosis and hepatocyte degeneration in C3−/− mice correlated with lower BrdU incorporation at 44 h after hepatectomy and with reduced liver weight recovery in the surviving C3−/− mice Complement Component C5 Is Required for Normal Liver Regeneration. C5, the initial component participating in the assembly of the membrane attack complex, is activated through cleavage by the classical or alternative pathway C5 convertase, a protein complex containing activated C3 molecules (C3b). Complement activation occurring during liver regeneration would lead to cleavage and activation of native C5. Having shown that C3 was required for a normal regenerative response, we investigated whether C5, the downstream activation target of C3, might be essential for liver regeneration too.Similar to C3−/− mice, C5−/− animals exhibited an abnormal regenerative response and increased mortality after hepatectomy as follows: 23% (9:30) for C5−/− mice as compared with 4% (1:23) for C5+/+ mice (P < 0.05). However, the livers of the surviving C5−/− mice showed less parenchymal damage than those of C3−/− mice and the rate of BrdU incorporation into C5−/− hepatocytes over time revealed a delayed rather than severely diminished DNA synthetic response after PHx when compared with that of wild-type littermates It should be noted that this delayed proliferative response of C5−/− livers had a significant impact on the recovery of liver weight As in the case of C3−/− mice, analysis of aminotransferase and total bilirubin serum levels in C5−/− mice at 44 h after PHx confirmed the higher incidence of liver failure and more pronounced liver damage Combined C3/C5 Deficiency Induces a More Severe Regenerative Defect than Single C3 or C5 Deficiency after PHx Given that the absence of both C3 and C5 caused defective regeneration after PHx, it was important to establish whether C3 merely serves as an intermediate activator of C5 or whether both components mediate distinct functions; this was explored, for example, by activating different pathways via their anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a and their downstream receptor-mediated interactions. Acute-phase protein of liver in immune Acute-phase proteins are a class of protein whose plasma concentrations increase (positive acutephase proteins) or decrease (negative acute-phase proteins) in response to inflammation Inflammatory cells and red blood cells • In response to injury, local inflammatory cells (neutrophil granulocytes and macrophages) secrete a number of cytokines into the bloodstream, most notable of which are the interleukins IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8, and TNF-α. • The liver responds by producing a large number of acute-phase reactants. At the same time, the production of a number of other proteins is reduced; these are, therefore, referred to as "negative" acute-phase reactants. As such, increased acute phase proteins from the liver may also contribute to the promotion of sepsis. Cytokinesis of liver in immune Cytokinesis, from the greek cyto- (cell) and kinesis (division), is the process in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells. It usually initiates during the late stages of mitosis, and sometimes meiosis, splitting a mitotic cell in two, to ensure that chromosome number is maintained from one generation to the next. In animal cells, one notable exception to the normal process of cytokinesis is oogenesis (the creation of an ovum in the ovarian follicle of the ovary), where the ovum takes almost all the cytoplasm and organelles, leaving very little for the resulting polar bodies, function 1. Get rid of toxins. 2. Regulate the level of sugar in the blood. 3. Composition of bile (gall bladder juice). The liver is the largest manufacturer of CHEMICAL liver cells in the body represents about 60% of liver tissue is carried out by any group other cells in the body is turning most of the food you eat into a form the body can use, such as: 1. Conversion and storage of sugar until it is needed and there is a planning level in the blood. 2. Break down fat and convert them to cholesterol. 3. To get rid of ammonia and the formation of absorbed proteins for blood clotting. 4. To get rid of toxins and alcohol. 5. Composition of bile and you break down what people eat fat. There is another type of cells in the liver is the hepatic Kupffer cells, which is concerned with the following documents: 1. Get rid of old red blood cells. 2. Destroy microbes and waste from cells Preparation / Abdul Rahman Abdullah ALTariki &Muhannad Abdul Aziz Al-Melhem Supervision / d.Abd-Rheim Abdel-Alim