Download Ch. 15 Evolution packet-2009

Ch. 15 Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Name _____________________________
Period _________
California State Standards covered by this chapter:
E volution
7. The frequency of an allele in a gene pool of a population depends on many factors and may be stable or
unstable over time. As a basis for understanding this concept:
a. Students k now why nat ural selection acts on the phenotype rather than the genotype of an organism.
d. Students k now variation within a species increas es the likelihood that at least some members of a
species will survive under changed environmental conditions.
8.
E volution is the result of genetic changes that occur in constantly changing environments. As a basis for
understanding this concept:
a. Students k now how natural selection determines the differential survival of groups of organisms.
b. Students k now a great diversity of species increases the chance that at least some organisms survive
major changes in the environment.
e. Students k now how to analyze fossil evidence with regard to biological diversity, episodic speciation,
and mass extinction.
Read the appropriate section in the textbook and lecture notes before answering the following questions.
You must put all answers and definitions into your own words for full credit.
15-1 The Puzzle of Life’s Discovery
1. What was Darwin’s contribution to science?
2. The process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms is called
__________________________________.
3. A well-supported explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world is a(n)
__________________________________.
4. What did Darwin’s travels reveal to him about the number and variety of living species?
5. What is evolution?
6. Why is evolution referred to as a “theory”?
7. The preserved remains of ancient organisms are called __________________________________.
8. How did Darwin explain differences in shell shape of tortoises from Hood Island and Isabela Island?
When Charles Darwin visited the Galápagos Islands, he
discovered that similar animals that lived on separate islands
had different features. Look at the drawings of tortoises and use
them to answer the next questions.
9. All of the tortoises eat plants. On one island, plants grow very close to the ground. Which island is
this most likely to be? Explain why.
10. Which island most likely has sparse vegetation that is hard to reach? Explain why.
11. After returning to England, what hypothesis did Darwin develop to explain his findings? Explain.
15-2 Ideas that Shaped Darwin’s Thinking
12. How did Hutton and Lyell describe geological change?
13. What 2 ideas from geology were important to Darwin’s thinking?
a.
b.
14. According to Lamarck, how did organisms acquire traits?
15. According to Malthus, what factors limited human population growth?
16. What 2 conclusions did Darwin draw from Malthus’ study of population growth?
a.
b.
On the line provided, write the letter of the answer that best matches the scientist with each description.
A. Hutton and Lyell
B. Lamarck
C. Malthus
17. Studied geological changes that shaped Earth _________
18. Stated that inheritance of acquired traits caused change in a species over time _________
19. Recognized that food and living space were two limiting factors for human population growth
_________
20. Proposed that acquired traits could be passed on to an organism’s offspring _________
21. Recognized that processes that shaped Earth in the past are the same processes that operate in the
present _________
22. Proposed that be selective use or disuse of organs, organisms acquired or lost certain traits in their
lifetimes _________
23. Recognized that Earth is many millions of years old _________
15-3 Darwin Presents His Case
24. Artificial selection:
25. Natural selection:
26. Differences among individuals of a species are referred to as _______________________________.
27. What is an adaptation?
Over time, adaptations become more common in the population. For example, suppose that the water in
a pond gets darker over a period of four years. The table below shows what might happen to a frog
population living in the pond. Look at the pictures showing how a population of frogs changed over time.
28. Complete the table.
Number of LightYear
Colored Frogs
Number of DarkColored Frogs
1
2
3
4
29. How did the numbers of light- and dark-colored frogs change over time?
30. Describe the principle of descent with modification.
31. Describe what Darwin meant by “survival of the fittest”.
32. The principle that living species descend, with changes, from other species over time is referred to as
__________________________________.
33. The principle that all species were derived from common ancestors is known as
__________________________________.
34. According to Darwin’s theory, what happens to individuals whose characteristics are not well suited to
their environment?
Evidence for Evolution
35. Define the evidence for evolution and explain what each reveals to support the theory.
Form of
Definition
What is Reveals
Evidence
a) Fossil
Record
b) Geographic
Distribution
of Living
Species
c) Homologous
Body
Structures
d) Similarities
in
Embryology
36. homologous structures:
37. vestigial organs:
38. Name the category of evidence to which each of the following examples belongs.
Example
a. Fertilized eggs of earthworms, insects, and snails all go
through the same pattern of cell division.
Category
_____________________________
b. Remains of upright-walking but small-brained apes have
been found in Africa.
_____________________________
c. All animals with backbones have 12 pairs of nerves
extending from the brain.
_____________________________
d. A protein called albumin is very similar in dogs and
wolves, and less similar in dogs and cats.
_____________________________
e. Animals called trilobites were common in the oceans 300
million years ago, but they have been extinct for millions of
years.
_____________________________
f.
The farther an island is from the mainland, the more
different its plants and animals are.
_____________________________
39. How does an animal’s level of fitness relate to its chances of survival and reproduction?
40. How are the forelimbs to the right similar?
41. How are homologous structures such as forelimbs
evidence for common descent?
42. Summarize Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.