Download TM - Intro to Organi..

Hydrocarbons
Introduction to
Organic Molecules
Organic Chemistry:
 (1828) Friedrich Wohler first synthesized an
organic compound from an inorganic source
leading to the birth of Organic Chemistry.
 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon containing
compounds except elemental carbon (diamond,
graphite, coal), CO2, CO, carbonates (CO32- group)
and cyanides (CN- group); Which are all considered
inorganic molecules.
Organic Chemistry
• Carbon has the ability to
form long chains.
• Without this property, large
biomolecules such as
proteins, lipids,
carbohydrates, and nucleic
acids could not form.
• Carbon easily forms bonds
with other non-metal atoms.
Alkanes
Hydrocarbons
• The simplest
organic molecules
containing only
carbon and hydrogen
atoms
• Four basic types:
Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Aromatic
hydrocarbons
IUPAC Names for the First Ten ContinuousChain Alkanes.
• Saturated hydrocarbons.
“Saturated” with hydrogens.
Only single bonds.
• Also called “Paraffins”
• Relatively unreactive; however, highly
combustible.
IUPAC refers to the standard system of
chemical nomenclature set forth by the
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
1
– The simplest alkane is methane (CH4) – the primary
compound in natural gas.
– Ethane (C2H6) – a minor component of natural gas.
– Propane (C3H8) – a fuel for heating homes and
cooking.
– Octane (C8H18) – a fuel used for automobile
combustion
– Dodecadecane (C20H42) – solid wax used for making
candles and as a lubricant
All of these are straight-chained
hydrocarbons (CnH2n+2).
Alkanes can be
separated from the
complex hydrocarbon
mixture present in
petroleum. The
separation into
simpler mixtures is
accomplished by
means of a
fractionating
column called
fractional distillation.
Many structural isomers of these exist,
known as branched alkanes.
Alkenes
- Contain at least one carbon–carbon double bond.
- Unsaturated.
 Have fewer than maximum number of hydrogens.
 CnH2n
 Properties Similar to alkanes
• Non-polar
• Insoluble in water
• Soluble in non-polar solvents
• Less dense than water
Alkynes
• Contain at least one carbon–carbon triple
bond.
• Carbons in triple bond sp-hybridized and have
linear geometry.
• Also unsaturated.
• CnH2n-2
Organic Functional Groups
Aromatics
• The chemically reactive group, or groups, on
organic molecules where reactions tend to
occur.
Friedrich August KeKulé
(1829-1896)
First proposed a structure for
benzene
2
Carboxylate
salt
Haloalkanes
AKA “Halocarbons”
•Class or organic
compounds containing
covalently bonded
halogens.
- ate
:
:
..
.. :
Sodium
methanate
-
Na+
Alcohols
• Organic compound containing one or
more hydroxyl groups, (-OH). General
formula R-OH.
•Are named following
the rules of
hydrocarbons using the
chloro, bromo, etc…
prefixes
Ethers
Ether – a compound that has the
functional group:
Or,
R–O–R
Carbonyl Compounds
• Contain
C=O double
bond.
• Include
many
classes of
compounds.
3
Aldehydes and Ketones
The carbonyl group:
Some
common
aldehydes
and ketones:
Aldehydes have at least one hydrogen attached
to the carbonyl group.
Ketones have two carbons attached to the
carbonyl group.
Carboxylic
Acids
• Have hydroxyl
group bonded
to carbonyl
group.
• Tart tasting.
• Carboxylic
acids are weak
acids.
Carboxylic Esters
The ester functional group with the ester
linkage between the carbonyl carbon and
the oxygen atom:
Amines
Amines are derivatives of ammonia,
NH3, where one or more hydrogens have
been replaced by an organic (R) group.
4
Amides
• Amine esters formed by
the reaction of carboxylic
acids with amines.
Nylon, used in
parachutes,
clothes, etc… is
an example of a
polyamide
Some
common
amides
in
medicine
Click Here for
Organic
Video
5