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Notes: Chapter Four
Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
I.
Date:
The Importance of Carbon
a. Review: The four atoms that make up 96% of living matter:
b. Organic Chemistry
i. Organic Chemistry –
ii. Organic molecules contain:
c. Carbon is a versatile building block
i. Carbon has ________ electrons with __________ in the outermost shell.
ii. Carbon has little tendency to gain or lose electrons to form __________ bonds.
iii. Carbon likes to share four electrons to form ______________ bonds.
iv. Carbon can form ____________, ______________, or even _____________
bonds.
v. Carbon most often forms the __________________ of organic molecules.
d. The Carbon Skeleton
i. Carbon skeletons vary in ________________, ______________________,
_____________, and can even form _____________.
ii. An organic molecule made only of carbon and hydrogen is called
_______________________.
iii. Hydrocarbons are made of _____________________ bonds and therefore the
molecules are _____________________ (water fearing). This is why oils and
water don’t mix.
iv. Hydrocarbons store a lot of ________________. This is why hydrocarbons are
used as car fuel.
e. Isomers
i. Isomers –
ii. Types of isomers
1. Structural –
2. Geometric –
3. Enantiomers –
L-Dopa is a drug used to treat Parkinson’s disease, a
disorder of the central nervous system. The drug’s
enantiomer, the mirror-image molecule designated DDopa, has no effect on patients.
II.
Functional Groups
a. Functional group –
i. Hydroxyl group –
1. Found in
ii. Carbonyl group –
1. Found in
iii. Carboxyl group –
1. Found in
iv. Amino group –
1. Found in
v. Sulfhydryl Group –
vi. Phosphate group –
1. Found in