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Carbon Carbon Chemistry: Molecules that contain carbon = organic molecules Why carbon? • Forms stable covalent Bonds C C C C C C C The tetravalence of C is one property of carbon that makes it versatile in forming many different complex C molecules. carbon shares four e- pairs: single bonds: double bonds: • Hydrocarbons = consist only of C and H - bonds are covalent and non-polar - release lots of E when bonds are broken - don’t exist independently in living organisms, but cell’s organic molecules contain regions of H-C. Example of molecules with lots of HC’s: Fats have H-C tails Petroleum (Fossil fuels = partially decomposed remains of organisms that lived millions of years ago) Functional Groups / Characteristics • Organic molecules have different properties as a result of their structures which is dependent on their functional groups. • The functional group is the variable portion of the molecule. • Some general characteristics: hydrophilic & polar (due to electronegative O atom) a. Hydroxyl group – attract water, helping to dissolve organic compounds b. Carboxyl group – form acids (has own source of H+) c. Amino group – form bases (can pick up H+ from solution) d. Phosphate group – can transfer energy between organic molecules e. Carbonyl group – characterizes sugars - Aldehydes: at end of C-H chain - Keytones: in middle of C-H chain f. Ether g. Ester hydrophobic and non-polar h. Sulfhydryl group – helps stabilize protein structure - Carbon atoms are named for: 1. # of C atoms ~ 1st part of name 2. # of bonds ~ 2nd part of name ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Part 1: a. b. c. d. e. 1 = meth2 = eth3 = prop4 = but(“e”)5 = pent- f. g. h. i. j. 6 = hex7 = hept8 = oct9 = non10 = dec a. Part 2 b. c. Single bond = alkANE Double bond = alkENE Triple bond = alkYNE -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Examples: Changing the location of the functional group gives the molecule different properties: Example: Propanol (propyl alcohol) Isoproponal (isopropyl alcohol) Used in pharmaceuticals Used as a solvent; ex. oil spills Isomers = compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same element but different structures and therefore, different properties. a.Structural Isomers – differ in covalent arrangements of their atoms b.Geometric Isomers – same covalent arrangement, but differ in spatial arrangement. c.Enantiomers (stereo isomers, optical isomers) – molecules that are mirror images of one another. Important in pharmaceuticals Ex. Thalidomide = given to pregnant women in the 1950’s and 1960’s to relieve morning sickness. Contained a mixture of enantiomers: one helped with morning sickness the other caused a birth defect. Even the “good” enantiomer would convert to the “bad” one in the patient’s body.