Download Biology High School Standards Review Worksheet 1. The Chemistry

Biology High School Standards Review Worksheet
1. The Chemistry of Life – Chapter 3
Central Concept: Chemical elements form organic molecules that interact to perform the basic
functions of life.
1.1 Recognize that biological organisms are composed primarily of very few elements. The
six most common are C, H, N, O, P, and S.
Text: 3.3 Carbon Compounds
1.2 Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of
organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids).
Text: 3.3 Carbon Compounds
Organic Molecule
Carbohydrate
Structure
Function
Lipid
Protein
Nucleic Acid
1.3 Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical
reactions. Identify factors, such as pH and temperature that have an effect on enzymes.
Text: 3.4 Energy and Metabolism
a. What is a catalyst? _______________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
b. How do enzymes (as catalysts) lower the activation energy of biochemical
reactions? ___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
c. What effects do changes in pH and temperature have on the action of an enzyme?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Cell Biology – Chapters 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 18, & 20
Central Concepts: Cells have specific structures and functions that make them distinctive. Processes
in a cell can be classified broadly as growth, maintenance, and reproduction.
2.1 Relate cell parts/organelles (plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, nucleus, nucleolus,
cytoplasm, mitochondrion, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, ribosome,
vacuole, cell wall, chloroplast, cytoskeleton, centriole, cilium, flagellum, pseudopod) to their
functions. Explain the role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier (diffusion,
osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport).
Text: 7.2 Inside the Eukaryotic Cell
8.1 Cell Membrane
8.2 Cell Transport
Organelle
Plasma Membrane
Nuclear Envelope
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Function
Location
Animal/ Plant/
Bacteria/, etc.
Lysosome
Ribosome
Vacuole
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Cytoskeleton
Centriole
Cilium
Flagellum
Pseudopod
What type of cells have a cell membrane? __________________________________________________
What is the function of the cell membrane? ________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Transport across
cell membrane
Diffusion
Definition
What is unique about it?
Osmosis
Facilitated
Diffusion
Active Transport
2.2 Compare and contrast, at the cellular level, the general structures and degrees of complexity
of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Text: 7.3 From Cell to Organism
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
2.3 Use cellular evidence (e.g., cell structure, cell number, cell reproduction) and modes of
nutrition to describe the six kingdoms (Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi,
Plantae, Animalia).
Text: 18.3 Kingdoms and Domains Figure 10 pg 434
Domain
Kingdom
Example
Bacteria
Eubacteria
Archaea
Archaebacteria
Eukarya
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Cell Type
Cell Walls
Number
of Cells
Nutrition
2.4 Identify the reactants, products, and basic purposes of photosynthesis and cellular
respiration. Explain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in
the cells of photosynthetic organisms.
Text: 9.1 Energy in Living Systems – Figure 2 pg 199
9.2 Photosynthesis
9.3 Cellular Respiration
Fill in the circles from figure 2 on page 199
Light Energy
ATP
products
Chloroplast:
Mitochondrion:
products
Photosynthesis:
A. Write out the net equation of photosynthesis: ________________________________________
Draw a circle around the reactants
Draw a square around the products
B. What is the purpose of photosynthesis? _____________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Cellular Respiration
A. Write out the net equation of cellular respiration (aerobic):
Draw a circle around the reactants
Draw a square around the products
B. What is the purpose of cellular respiration? __________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2.5 Explain the important role that ATP serves in metabolism.
Text: 9.1 Energy in Living Systems
A. Explain the important role that ATP serves in metabolism
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2.6 Describe the cell cycle and the process of mitosis. Explain the role of mitosis in the formation
of new cells, and its importance in maintaining chromosome number during asexual
reproduction.
Text: 10.1 Cell Reproduction
10.2 Mitosis
A. What happens in each stage of the cell cycle?
1. Interphase:
a. G1
b. S
c. G2
2. Cell Division
a. Mitosis
b. Cytokinesis
B. What happens in each stage of mitosis? – Draw a diagram of the cell during each stage.
1. Prophase
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. Metaphase
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. Anaphase
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. Telophase
C. What role does mitosis play in the formation of new cells and why is it important in
maintaining chromosome number during asexual reproduction?
2.7 Describe how the process of meiosis results in the formation of haploid cells. Explain the
importance of this process in sexual reproduction, and how gametes form diploid zygotes in
the process of fertilization.
Text: 11.1 Reproduction
11.2 Meiosis
A. How does meiosis produce haploid cells rather than the diploid cells produced by mitosis?
B. Why are haploid cells important to sexual reproduction?
C. Define gamete:
D. Define zygote:
E. Describe what happens during each stage of meiosis and draw a picture of the cell at that
stage.
1. Prophase I
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. Metaphase I
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. Anaphase I
__________________________________________________________________________________
4. Telophase I
________________________________________________________________________________
5. Prophase II
_______________________________________________________________________________
6. Metaphase II
_________________________________________________________________________________
7. Anaphase II
__________________________________________________________________________________
8. Telophase II
2.8 Compare and contrast a virus and a cell in terms of genetic material and reproduction.
Text: 20.2 Viruses
Virus
Cell
3. Genetics – Chapters 12 , 13, & 14
Central Concepts: Genes allow for the storage and transmission of genetic information. They are a
set of instructions encoded in the nucleotide sequence of each organism. Genes code for the specific
sequences of amino acids that comprise the proteins characteristic to that organism.
3.1 Describe the basic structure (double helix, sugar/phosphate backbone, linked by
complementary nucleotide pairs) of DNA, and describe its function in genetic inheritance.
Text: 13.1 the Structure of DNA
A. Draw a simple picture of DNA and label the sugars, phosphates, and bases. Fig 4 pg 296
B. List the two complementary pairs of nucleotide bases in DNA and how many hydrogen bonds
connect them.
_________________ pairs with _________________ and they are connected by _______ Hydrogen bonds.
_________________ pairs with _________________ and they are connected by _______ Hydrogen bonds.
C. What role does DNA play in genetic inheritance?
3.2 Describe the basic process of DNA replication and how it relates to the transmission and
conservation of the genetic code. Explain the basic processes of transcription and
translation, and how they result in the expression of genes. Distinguish among the end
products of replication, transcription, and translation.
Text: 13.2 Replication of DNA
13.3 RNA and Gene Expression
A. Describe the three steps of DNA replication.
Step1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
B. How does DNA replication maintain the genetic code?
C. Describe the three steps of Transcription.
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
D. How does transcription differ from replication?
E. Describe the five steps of Translation.
Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 3:
Step 4:
Step 5:
F. Fill in the table below
Process
Starts with
Ends with
Replication
Transcription
Translation
G. How is a gene used in replication, transcription and translation?
Where does it occur in
the cell
3.3 Explain how mutations in the DNA sequence of a gene may or may not result in
phenotypic change in an organism. Explain how mutations in gametes may
result in phenotypic changes in offspring.
Text: 14.1 Mutation and Genetic Change
A. Define each of the following.
Point Mutation:
Insertion/ Deletion:
Silent Mutation:
Missense Mutation:
Frameshift Mutation:
Nonsense Mutation:
B. Which of the above mutations cause a phenotypic change in an organism? (due to changes in
amino acids)
3.4 Distinguish among observed inheritance patterns caused by several types of
genetic traits (dominant, recessive, codominant, sex-linked, polygenic,
incomplete dominance, multiple alleles).
Text: 12.3 Modeling Mendel’s Laws
12.4 Beyond Mendelian Heredity
A. Define and give an example of each:
Dominant:
Recessive:
Codominant:
Sex-linked:
Polygenic:
Incomplete Dominance:
Multiple Alleles:
3.5 Describe how Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment can be
observed through patterns of inheritance (e.g., dihybrid crosses).
Text: 12.3 Modeling Mendel’s Laws
12.4 Beyond Mendelian Heredity
A. Law of Segregation:
B. Law of Independent Assortment:
C. Complete the following dihybrid cross: BbRr x BBrr
B = Brown hair
b=green hair
R=red eyes
List each genotype and phenotype obtained in the table above
Genotype
_________
Phenotype
______________________________
_________
______________________________
_________
______________________________
_________
______________________________
_________
______________________________
_________
______________________________
_________
______________________________
_________
______________________________
_________
______________________________
_________
______________________________
_________
______________________________
_________
______________________________
_________
______________________________
_________
______________________________
r=silver eyes
3.6 Use a Punnett Square to determine the probabilities for genotype and phenotype
combinations in monohybrid crosses.
Text: 12.3 Modeling Mendel’s Laws
A. Complete the following monohybrid crosses, list the genotypes and phenotypes obtained and
give the percentages of each phenotype.
R=red eyes
Sex-linked:
r = silver eyes
Rr x rr
XRXr x XrY
Codominance: R = Red flowers
Blood Types: IAIB x IAi
B= Blue flowers
RB x RB
4. Anatomy and Physiology – Chapters 34, 35, 36, 38, 39 & 11
Central Concepts: There is a relationship between the organization of cells into tissues and the
organization of tissues into organs. The structures and functions of organs determine their
relationships within body systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its
normal functions.
4.1 Explain generally how the digestive system (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and
large intestines, rectum) converts macromolecules from food into smaller molecules that
can be used by cells for energy and for repair and growth.
Text: 36.2 Digestion
4.2 Explain how the circulatory system (heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, red blood cells)
transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and removes cell wastes. Describe how the kidneys
and the liver are closely associated with the circulatory system as they perform the
excretory function of removing waste from the blood. Recognize that kidneys remove
nitrogenous wastes, and the liver removes many toxic compounds from blood.
Text: 35.1 The Cardiovasculary System
4.3 Explain how the respiratory system (nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, alveoli) provides
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Text: 35.3 The Respiratory System
4.4 Explain how the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, sensory neurons, motor neurons)
mediates communication among different parts of the body and mediates the body’s
interactions with the environment. Identify the basic unit of the nervous system, the
neuron, and explain generally how it works.
Text: 38.1 Structure of the Nervous System
38.2 Neurons and Nerve Impulses
38.3 Sensory Systems
4.5 Explain how the muscular/skeletal system (skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles, bones,
cartilage, ligaments, tendons) works with other systems to support the body and allow for
movement. Recognize that bones produce blood cells.
Text: 34.2 The Skeletal System
34.3 The Muscular System
4.6 Recognize that the sexual reproductive system allows organisms to produce offspring that
receive half of their genetic information from their mother and half from their father, and
that sexually produced offspring resemble, but are not identical to, either of their parents.
Text: 11.1 Reproduction
11.3 Multicellular Life Cycles
4.7 Recognize that communication among cells is required for coordination of body functions. The
nerves communicate with electrochemical signals, hormones circulate through the blood,
and some cells produce signals to communicate only with nearby cells.
Text: 39.1 Hormones
38.2 Neurons and Nerve Impulses
38.3 Sensory Systems
4.8 Recognize that the body’s systems interact to maintain homeostasis. Describe the basic
function of a physiological feedback loop.
Text: 34.1 Body Organization
5. Evolution and Biodiversity – Chapters 16, 17, & 18
Central Concepts: Evolution is the result of genetic changes that occur in constantly changing
environments. Over many generations, changes in the genetic make-up of populations may affect
biodiversity through speciation and extinction.
5.1
Explain how evolution is demonstrated by evidence from the fossil record, comparative
anatomy, genetics, molecular biology, and examples of natural selection.
Text: 16.2 Applying Darwin’s Ideas
16.3 Beyond Darwinian Theory
5.2
Describe species as reproductively distinct groups of organisms. Recognize that species are
further classified into a hierarchical taxonomic system (kingdom, phylum, class, order,
family, genus, species) based on morphological, behavioral, and molecular similarities.
Describe the role that geographic isolation can play in speciation.
Text: 17.3 Speciation
18.2 Modern Systematics
18.3 Kingdoms and Domains
5.3
Explain how evolution through natural selection can result in changes in biodiversity
through the increase or decrease of genetic diversity within a population.
Text: 16.1 Genetic Variation
16.2 Genetic Change
6. Ecology – Chapters 4, 5, & 6
Central Concept: Ecology is the interaction among organisms and between organisms and their
environment.
6.1 Explain how birth, death, immigration, and emigration influence population size.
Text: 5.1 Populations
5.2 Interactions in Communities
6.2 Analyze changes in population size and biodiversity (speciation and extinction) that result
from the following: natural causes, changes in climate, human activity, and the
introduction of invasive, non-native species.
Text: 5.2 Interactions in Communities
6.1 An Interconnected Planet
6.2 Environmental Issues
6.3 Use a food web to identify and distinguish producers, consumers, and decomposers, and
explain the transfer of energy through trophic levels. Describe how relationships among
organisms (predation, parasitism, competition, commensalism, mutualism) add to the
complexity of biological communities.
Text: 4.2 Energy Flow in Ecosystems
6.4 Explain how water, carbon, and nitrogen cycle between abiotic resources and organic matter
in an ecosystem, and how oxygen cycles through photosynthesis and respiration.
Text: 4.3 Cycling of Matter