Download Scientific Method Scientific Method- 1.) Make an observation 2.) Ask

Scientific Method
Scientific Method-
1.) Make an observation
2.) Ask a question
3.) Make a hypothesis
4.) Test your hypothesis
5.) Analyze your data
6.) Form a conclusion
7.) Publish your information
Experimental Design
Controlled Experiment-only one variable is changed at a time
Independent Variable-variable that changes throughout experiment
Dependent Variable-the part of the experiment being measured
Control Group-will not get tested
Experimental Group-will be tested
Nature of Life
Organism-a living thing
Nutrition-process of taking in food and necessary nutrients
Transport-movement of materials within the body
Respiration-process of making energy
Reproduction-creating more of the same
Regulation-maintaining homeostasis
Excretion-removal of wastes
Growth-development or an increase in size
Synthesis-to make, combining simple parts to make complex products
Homeostasis-a stable state maintained by the body
Metabolism-all the chemical processes occurring in the body
Classification
Classification-grouping organisms based on similar traits
Binomial Nomenclature-2 word naming system
Dichotomous Key-a series of statements about characteristics used to identify species
Biochemistry
Acid-pH of less than 7
Base-pH of greater than 7, also called alkaline
pH-measure of acidity or alkalinity of a substance, scale ranges from 1-14
Element-make up life, can’t be broken down; ex.) Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O)
Proton-make up elements, contains a positive charge
Electron-make up elements, contains a negative charge
Neutron-make up elements, has no charge
Compound-2 elements chemically bonded
Enzyme-speeds up chemical reaction
Organic Compound-contains C, H and O
Inorganic Compound-does not contain C, H and O
Carbohydrate-provide quick energy, ex: starch, sugars
Protein-longer-lasting energy, made of amino acids, ex: meat
Amino Acid-building block of proteins
DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid, genetic information, passed from one generation to the next,
“blueprint”
RNA-ribonucleic acid, helps in creation of proteins
Lipid-fat ex: waxes, oils
Cells
Organelle-parts of the cell
Eukaryote-has a nucleus
Prokaryote-doesn’t have a nucleus
Nucleus-control center of cell, holds DNA
Cytoplasm-jelly-like substance that fills cell
Cell Membrane-surrounds outside of animal cell, just inside cell wall of plant cell, controls what
enters and exits cell
Cell Wall-provides support and structure to the outside of plant cells
Golgi Apparatus-cellular “post office”, packages and ships proteins throughout cell
Mitochondria-“powerhouse” of cell, site of cellular respiration
Endoplasmic Reticulum (Smooth and Rough)-cellular transportation system
Ribosome-site of protein synthesis, found “free” floating in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER
Chloroplast-site of photosynthesis, found only in plants
Chlorophyll-pigment responsible for plant’s green color, traps sunlight energy for
photosynthesis, found in the chloroplasts
Lysosome-contains enzymes to breakdown wastes
Vacuole-storage, mostly of water
Stomate-opening in a leaf where exchange of gases takes place
Guard Cell-controls the opening and closing of the stomate
Cell Processes-Photosynthesis, Respiration, Diffusion, Osmosis, Active Transport
Diffusion-movement of substances across a membrane from areas of high concentration to low
concentration
Osmosis-movement of WATER across a membrane from areas of high concentration to low
concentration
Active Transport-movement of substances across a membrane from areas of LOW
concentration to HIGH concentration, takes ATP
Selective Permeability-the ability to let some substances through a membrane while keeping
others out
Photosynthesis-how plants make food, H2O+CO2 light
Respiration-the process of making energy, C6H12O6+O2
Glucose-sugar, C6H12O6, energy
ATP-energy
C6H12O6+O2
H2O+CO2+ATP
Ecology
Food Chain-series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
Species-group of the same organisms that can breed and create fertile offspring
Ecosystem-a collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with the
physical environment
Biome-group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities
Limiting Factor-something that causes the growth of a population to decrease
Biotic- living
Abiotic-nonliving
Biodiversity-biological diversity, having many different species in an area
Cell Division
Mitosis-cell division
ProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophaseCytokinesisInterphaseDiploid-2 sets of chromosomes, double chromosomes
Haploid-1 set of chromosomes
Cancer-uncontrolled cell growth
Gamete-sex cell; male=sperm, female=egg
Meiosis-cell division to reduce number of chromosomes, done in gametes
Crossing Over-when chromosomes exchange genetic material, causing greater variation
Genetics
Trait-a specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another
Hybrid-offspring of parents with different traits Ex.) green pea plant crossed with yellow pea
plant
Gene-chemical factors that determine traits, found on chromosomes
Allele-different forms of genes (blue, green, brown eyes)
Gamete-sex cells, male=sperm, female=egg
Punnett square-shows the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross
Heterozygous-2 different alleles for the same trait
Homozygous-2 identical alleles for the same trait
Phenotype-physical characteristics
Genotype-genetic makeup
Dominant-Stronger allele, shown by using capital letter
Recessive-weaker allele, shown by using lower-case letter
Incomplete Dominance-when one allele is not completely dominant over another, ex.) white
and red flower crosses create pink flowers
Codominance-both alleles contribute to the phenotype, ex.) chickens with black and white
feathers
Polygenic traits-multiple genes controlling one trait, producing wider variations, ex.) skin color
Homologous-having a corresponding partner, ex.) chromosome from father and homologous
chromosome containing same genes from mother
DNA and RNA
Nucleotide-unit that makes up DNA, each contains a sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base
Adenine (A)-nitrogenous DNA and RNA base, purine, pairs with Thymine (T) in DNA, Uracil (U) in
RNA
Thymine (T)-nitrogenous DNA base only, pyrimidine, pairs with Adenine (A)
Uracil (U)-nitrogenous RNA base only, pairs with Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C)-nitrogenous DNA and RNA base, pyrimidine, pairs with Guanine (G)
Guanine (G)-nitrogenous DNA and RNA base, purine, pairs with Cytosine (C)
DNA Replication-the process DNA used to copy itself to prepare for cell division
DNA Polymerase-enzyme needed for DNA replication
mRNA-messenger RNA, template for proteins
rRNA-ribosomal RNA, moves from nucleus to ribosome for protein synthesis
tRNA-transfer RNA, brings amino acids to mRNA template to build protein
Transcription-creation of mRNA, first step in protein synthesis
Codon-3 consecutive nucleotides that specify a certain amino acid
Translation-decoding mRNA to create a protein
Mutation-change in genetic material
Human Physiology
Reproductive System-different in males and females
Immune System-protects the body from foreign substances
Innate Immunity-occurs naturally, does not involve any vaccinations or exposure to disease
Acquired Immunity-occurs after exposure to pathogen, can be active (ex-from vaccines) or
passive (ex-from mother)
Pathogen-anything that causes a disease Ex.) virus, bacteria
Vaccine-used to create immunity to a specific disease, uses a weak version of the disease
Antibody-bind to antigens, protect us
Antigen-cause immune reaction, cause production of antibodies
HIV/AIDS-Human immunodeficiency virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, our own
body attacks itself
Antibiotics-kill bacteria, used to treat diseases
Endocrine System-controls metabolism, hormones
Gland-a cell (or group of cells) that make secretions Ex.) thyroid
Circulatory System-controls movement of blood, transport of nutrients to cells, exchange of
gases
Respiratory System-breathing, taking in 02, releasing CO2
Nervous System-controls impulses
Digestive System-responsible for breaking down food and releasing nutrients
Excretory System-responsible for removal of wastes
Skeletal, Muscular and Integumentary Systems-responsible for coordinated movement
Evolution
Evolution-change over time
Adaptation-changing to better fit into your environment
Evidence of Evolution-
1.) fossil record
2.) geographic distribution of related species
3.) Embryo similarities
4.) Homologous structures of species
Fitness-ability of an organism to survive in its environment
Artificial Selection-breeding organisms for specific characteristics, selective breeding
Natural Selection-survival of the fittest, adapt or die
Selective Pressure-a factor that affects evolution, ex.) lack of food/water, competition
Genetic Drift-change in allele frequency that occurs with evolution
Speciation-creating new species, usually by some type of isolation
Phylogenetic (evolutionary) Tree-used to show the evolutionary relationships between
organisms
Plant and Animal Kingdoms
Vascular Tissue-transports water and nutrients through plant
Xylem-carries water from roots up into plants
Phloem-carries nutrients from photosynthesis throughout plant
Gymnosperms-have seeds directly on the surface of cones
Angiosperms-flowering plants, have seeds within a layer of protective tissue
Conifer-plant that contains cones ex.) pine trees
Pollination-transfer of pollen from male to female reproductive structures
Seed-plant embryo
Monocot-plants with 1 seed leaf (cotyledon) in the embryo ex.) corn
Dicot-plants with 2 seed leaves (cotyledons) in the embryo ex.) carrot
Cotyledon-first leaf (or leaves) produced by an embryo
Stamen-male reproductive flower parts, made up of anther and filament
Pistil-female reproductive flower parts, made up of ovary, style and stigma
Invertebrate-animal lacking a backbone
Vertebrate-animal that has a backbone
Chordate-animal that has a central nerve cord