Download Inside Earth – Chapter 1

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Inside Earth – Chapter 1
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1 – Convection Currents and the Mantle
2 – What’s Happening During Convection?
3 - Drifting Continents
4 – The Curious Case of Mesosaurus
5 - Sea-Floor Spreading
6 – The Theory of Plate Tectonics
7 – The Birth of the Himalayas
Grade Requirements:
C
complete pages 1,3,5,6
B complete pages 1,2,3,5,6
A complete pages 1,2,3,4,5,6,7
Name ____________________________________ Date __________ Class ___________________
SECTION 1-2
REVIEW AND REINFORCE
Convection Currents and the Mantle
◆ Understanding Main Ideas
1
Label each figure by writing the type of heat transfer it shows.
1. _______________
2. _______________
3. _______________
Answer the following questions in the spaces provided.
4. What are convection currents and what causes them?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. What causes convection currents in Earth’s mantle?
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
◆ Building Vocabulary
If the statement is true, write true. If it is false, change the underlined word or words
to make the statement true.
_________________ 6. The transfer of energy through empty space is called convection.
_________________ 7. The movement of energy from a warmer object to a cooler object is
called heat transfer.
_________________ 8. Conduction is heat transfer by direct contact of particles of matter.
_________________ 9. Radiation is the transfer of heat by the movement of a heated fluid.
_________________ 10. Density is a measure of how much heat there is in a volume of a substance.
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Name ____________________________________ Date __________ Class ___________________
SECTION 1-2
ENRICH
What’s Happening During Convection?
1
The figure below shows a convection cell in Earth’s mantle. A convection cell is
one complete loop of a convection current. Use the figure to answer the questions
that follow.
Lithosphere
B
C
D
A
Mantle
Core
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Where does the heat come from that drives this convection current in the
mantle?
2. Where is the temperature of the mantle material greater, at point B or point
C? Explain why.
3. Where is the density of the material greater, at point A or point B? Explain why.
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4. What causes the convection cell to turn to the left at point B?
5. What happens to the temperature and density of the material between points
B and C?
6. What force causes the convection cell to turn down at point C?
7. What happens to the temperature and density of the material between points
D and A?
8. What causes the convection cell to turn up at point A?
9. How do you think this convection cell might affect the crust material above it?
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Inside Earth
Name ____________________________________ Date __________ Class ___________________
SECTION 1-3
REVIEW AND REINFORCE
Drifting Continents
◆ Understanding Main Ideas
1
Fill in the blanks in the table below.
Evidence for Continental Drift
Type of Evidence
Example of Evidence
a. Mountain ranges in South America and
Evidence from 1. _______________
Evidence from Fossils
2. _______________ line up
b. European coal fields match with similar coal fields in
North America
a. Fossils of the plant 3. _______________ found
in rocks on widely separated landmasses
a. Fossils of tropical plants found near Arctic Ocean
Evidence from 4. _______________
b. Scratches in rocks made by 5. _______________
found in South Africa
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
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6. State the hypothesis of continental drift.
7. Why did most scientists reject Wegener’s theory for nearly a half century?
◆ Building Vocabulary
Fill in the blank to complete each statement.
8. All the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called
_______________ , meaning “all lands.”
9. A(n) _______________ is any trace of an ancient organism preserved in rock.
10. Wegener’s theory that the continents slowly moved over Earth’s surface
became known as _______________ .
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Name ____________________________________ Date __________ Class ___________________
SECTION 1-3
ENRICH
The Curious Case of Mesosaurus
Africa
1
South America
Mesosaurus
Areas where Mesosaurus fossils have been found
About 265 million years ago, a reptile called Mesosaurus lived in just a few places
on Earth. This fairly small, lizardlike reptile measured 71 centimeters from its
nose to the tip of its tail—or about two thirds of a meter. Its body was long and
flexible, perfect for swimming swiftly through the water. Mesosaurus was a hunter
of small fish and other aquatic animals. Its webbed feet and long tail worked like
powerful paddles as it chased and captured its food. Like all other reptiles,
Mesosaurus breathed air, so it had to return to the surface after hunting underwater. Freshwater ponds and lakes were its habitat.
© Prentice-Hall, Inc.
In the 1800s, scientists began finding fossils of these ancient reptiles, which
had long since become extinct. These fossils were found in only two regions,
southern Africa and the southern part of South America. The shaded areas on the
map show where fossils of Mesosaurus have been discovered. This distribution is a
curious one—only two regions far from each other and separated by the Atlantic
Ocean. What could explain this distribution?
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Describe the kind of environment in which Mesosaurus lived.
2. Is it likely that Mesosaurus swam back and forth across the Atlantic Ocean?
Explain.
3. What could explain this distribution of Mesosaurus fossils?
4. Does the case of Mesosaurus support Wegener’s theory of continental drift?
Explain why or why not.
5. Does the case by itself prove the theory? Explain why or why not.
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Inside Earth
Name ____________________________________ Date __________ Class ___________________
SECTION 1-4
REVIEW AND REINFORCE
Sea-Floor Spreading
◆ Understanding Main Ideas
1
Use the figure below to answer the questions that follow. Answer the questions on a
separate sheet of paper.
B
A
Ocean
floor
Continent
,,,,,,
,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Ocean floor
C
Continental
crust
Oceanic crust
Molten
material
Mantle
1. Name and describe the feature of the ocean floor shown at A.
2. Describe the process shown occurring at B, and explain what results from this.
3. What happens to old oceanic crust as new molten material rises from the mantle?
4. The arrows on the figure show the ocean floor spreading from the ridge.
What are three kinds of evidence scientists have found to support this idea?
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5. What process is shown occurring at C, and why does it occur?
◆ Building Vocabulary
Fill in the blank to complete each statement.
6. A device that scientists use to map the ocean floor is _______________ .
7. The feature on the ocean floor at C is called a(n) _______________ .
8. The process that continually adds new material to the ocean floor is called
_______________ .
9. The process by which the ocean floor sinks into the mantle is called
_______________ .
10. The chain of mountains that extends into all of Earth’s oceans is the
_______________ .
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Name ____________________________________ Date __________ Class ___________________
SECTION 1-5
REVIEW AND REINFORCE
The Theory of Plate Tectonics
◆ Understanding Main Ideas
1
Label each figure by writing the type of plate boundary it shows.
1. _______________
2. _______________
3. _______________
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
4. Describe what happens when a. two plates carrying oceanic crust collide,
b. two plates carrying continental crust collide, and c. a plate made of oceanic
crust collides with a plate carrying continental crust.
5. Explain what force caused the movement of the continents from one supercontinent to their present positions.
◆ Building Vocabulary
Fill in the blank to complete each statement.
© Prentice-Hall, Inc.
6. A scientific _______________ is a well-tested concept that explains a wide
range of observations.
7. Breaks in Earth’s crust where rocks have slipped past each other are called
_______________ .
8. The lithosphere is broken into separate sections called _______________ .
9. A(n) _______________ is a deep valley on land that forms along a divergent
boundary.
10. The geological theory that states that pieces of Earth’s crust are in constant,
slow motion is called _______________ .
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Name ____________________________________ Date __________ Class ___________________
SECTION 1-5
ENRICH
The Birth of the Himalayas
100 Million Years Ago
1
North
America
South
America
50 Million Years Ago
North
America
Asia
Europe
Europe
Asia
Africa
Africa
India
Australia
Australia
South
America
Antarctica
India
Antarctica
The greatest challenge for mountain climbers is Mt. Everest, whose peak rises 8,872
meters above sea level. This is the highest mountain in the world, though many
mountains around it are almost as high. Mt. Everest is in the Himalayas, a series of
massive ranges that extends 2,500 kilometers across South Asia north of India. The
Himalayas cover all or part of the countries of Tibet, Nepal, and Bhutan.
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A climber on the high slopes of Mt. Everest would probably be surprised to
learn that the region was relatively flat about 40 million years ago. It was then
that two continental plates collided. The plate carrying India had been moving
northward for millions of years. The oceanic crust in front of it was slowly
subducted under the Eurasian plate. But when the two continents collided,
subduction stopped because India could not sink into the mantle. Instead, it
pushed crust upward and downward. The Himalayas were one result. Thus, the
Himalayas are actually pieces of plates broken and lifted up because of the
collision. Another result of this collision was the movement of China eastward, as
the movement of India northward pushed the Eurasian plate in front of it. The
collision is still occurring today. In fact, the Himalayas are growing in elevation at
a rate of about 1 centimeter per year.
Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Where are the Himalayas?
2. What was the area of the Himalayas like 40 million years ago?
3. How did the movement of plates create the Himalayas?
4. What else resulted from the collision of those plates?
5. What type of plate boundary exists today along the Himalayas?
6. If the Himalayas continue to grow in elevation at their present rate, how tall
will Mt. Everest be in one million years?
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Inside Earth