Download State a significant event that occurs during each of the following

Bio 3 W 2009
Name:
Question 1. Briefly define the following (6 pts)
SID
Catabolic metabolic pathway:
Series of reactions where you start with larger, more complex, higher energy molecules
and wind up with smaller, less complex, lower energy molecules with a net release of
energy
Anabolic metabolic pathway:
Series of reactions where you start with smaller, less complex, lower energy molecules
and wind up with larger, more complex, higher energy molecules with a net input of
energy
Question 2. For the following two diagrams relating to enzymes, fill in the blanks below
each with the appropriate label. (10 pts)
Figure 2A
Figure 2B
Figure 2A
Figure 2B
A+B: reactants of substrate
A: substrate_____
B: active site____
C+D: products
E:
energy of activation w/o enzyme
C: enzyme/substrate complex
F:
energy of activation w enzyme
D: product_
In figure 2B, which of the three states (1, 2 or 3) would be least stable? 2
Question 3: Write the generalized equation for aerobic respiration/photosynthesis. In
your equation you should indicate which direction describe each of the two processes,
whether that process is anabolic or catabolic, and what type of energy is either produced
or consumed. (6 pts)
direction 1 = photosynthesis, anabolic, E = sunlight
direction 2 = aerobic respiration, catabolic, ATP
Question 4: Aerobic respiration
4A (5pts )
Which phase of aerobic respiration occurs in cytosol? glycolysis
What is consumed during this process? glucose
What is produced during this process? 2ATP, 2NADH, 2 Pyruvate
4B (5 pts)
Which phase of aerobic respiration occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion?
Krebs cycle
What is consumed during this process? 2 Pyruvate
What is produced during this process? 6CO2, 8NADH, 2FADH2, 2ATP
4C (5 pts)
Where specifically does the electron transport chain occur during aerobic respiration?
Cristae of the mitochondrion
What is consumed? 10NADH, 2 FADH2, oxygen
What is produced? 32 to 34 ATP, H2O
4D (2 pts) What are the two electron carriers that play a role in aerobic respiration and
how many ATP are each capable of producing?
NADH can make 3 ATP each
FADH2 can make 2 ATP each
Question 5: Light (4 pts)
5A Briefly explain the relationship between the wavelength and energy with respect to
the electro-magnetic spectrum.
Energy is inversely proportional to wavelength
5B Why is visible light uniquely suited for the process of photosynthesis?
Has the right wavelength/energy to excite electrons to higher energy levels
Question 6:
6A Where would you find photosystem II and photosystem I? (1 pt)
In the thylakoid membranses of the grana of the chloroplast
6B What if anything is produced and consumed as a consequence of exciting the
electrons of photosystem II (2 pts)
ATP and oxygen
6C What if anything is produced and consumed as a consequence of exciting the
electrons of photosystem I (2 pts)
NADPH
Name
SID
6D Where specifically does the Calvin cycle occur? (1 pt)
stroma of the chloroplast
6E What is produced and consumed during the Calvin cycle? (3 pts)
produced - glucose
consumed – carbon dioxide, NADPH and ATP
Question 7: List the four phases of a eukaryotic cell cycle and briefly describe what
occurs during each phase. (8 pts)
1 gap 1 phase, cells grows as it acquires resources, DNA unduplicated and chromatin
2 S phase, DNA is duplicated, still in chromatin form
3 gap 2 phase, cell grows and acquires resources for division, DNA duplicated and in
chromatin form
4 M phase, nuclear division followed by cytokinesis. DNA condenses to chromosomes,
starts in duplicate form, ends in non-duplicated forms, decondenses back to chromatin at
end
Question 8: Briefly define the following terms (6 pts):
Homologue -the partner of a chromosome that shares comparable genetic information.
Sister chromatid identical copy of a chromosome joined at the centromere to its duplicate
Zygote – a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two gametes (fertilization)
Haploid – the condition where a cell has only one of each homologous chromosome pair
Question 9. State a significant event that occurs during each of the following stages of
mitosis (4 pts)
Prophase chromatin condenses to chromosome, SFN forms, nuclear envelope breaks
down, SFN attaches to either side of centromere
Metaphase – chromosomes aligned at equator, SFN fully formed and attached to
centromeres, nuclear envelope gone
Anaphase – sister chromatids pulled towards opposite poles by SFN
Telophase – chromosomes decondense, SFN breaks down, nuclear envelope reforms,
cytokinesis at end
Question 10. State a significant event that occurs during each of the following stages of
meiosis 1(4 pts)
Prophase1 Synapsis, crossing over, plus any of the stuff in prophase of mitosis
Metaphase1 Independent assortment of homologous pairs along equator, SFN fully
formed and attached to either homologue, nuclear envelope gone
Anaphase1 homologous chromosomes separtated
Telophase1 chromosomes decondense, SFN breaks down, nuclear envelope may reform,
cytokinesis
Question 11. State a significant event that occurs during each of the following stages of
meiosis 2 (4 pts)
Prophase chromatin condenses to chromosome, SFN forms, nuclear envelope breaks
down, SFN attaches to either side of centromere
Metaphase-– chromosomes aligned at equator, SFN fully formed and attached to
centromeres, nuclear envelope gone
Anaphase sister chromatids pulled towards opposite poles by SFN
Telophase- chromosomes decondense, SFN breaks down, nuclear envelope reforms,
cytokinesis at end
Question 12: Briefly describe (not list) two mechanisms during meiosis that create
genetic variation. (6 pts)
Synapsis & crossing over – creates unique new chromosomes consisting of a mixture of
paternal and maternal genes
Independent assortment of homologous pairs – creates unique combinations of maternal
and paternal chromosomes
Question 14: (6pts)
Where does the process of transcription occur?
In the nucleus
What does this process produce?
Three types of RNA: mRNA, rRNA, & tRNA
How is it similar to DNA replication?
Both transcription and DNA replication use DNA strands as templates against which new
strands are formed
Question 15: Briefly describe the role of each of the following during the process of
translation (6 pts)
mRNA carries the instructions for the sequence of amino acids for a specific polypeptide
tRNA – seeks specific amino acids in cytoplasm, brings them to the ribosome and then
links to the appropriate mRNA codon in order to add their amino acid to the growing
polypeptid
Ribosome – forms the workbench that allows tRNA and mRNA to interact in order to
build the polypeptide
amino acid is the raw building block with which polypeptides are assembled
Question 16: What is a gene (be as specific as possible)? Where would you find it? (4
pts)
A gene is a sequence of DNA that contains the instructions for the amino acid sequence
of a polypeptide. It would be found in the nucleus.\