Download Rise of Rome - Alvinisd.net

Ancient Rome
The Geography of Rome
I.
The 750 mile long Italian Peninsula, or Italy,
extends out into the Mediterranean Sea, and
is only 120 miles wide.
II. The ancient city of Rome was built inland
along the Tiber River, on top of seven hills.
III. What are the advantages of the city’s location?
The Geography of Rome
I.
The 750 mile long Italian Peninsula, or Italy,
extends out into the Mediterranean Sea, and
is only 120 miles wide.
II. The ancient city of Rome was built inland
along the Tiber River, on top of seven hills.
III. What are the advantages of the city’s location?
IV. By being located inland, Rome was provided
protection from pirates, being built on hills
made the city easily defendable, and being
located along the Tiber River enabled access
to the sea.
V.
The area did not contain rugged mountain
ranges as in Greece, and so the communities
of the Italian Peninsula were not divided.
VI. Italy also had some fairly large fertile plains
for farming, unlike in Greece, which provided
support for a large population.
VII. The city’s location was a natural crossing
point for trade along the peninsula, and it
was central location from which to expand.
VIII.Once Rome gained control of the peninsula,
the peninsula’s central location made it easier
to control the Mediterranean.
The Founding of Rome
I.
The national epic of Rome, the Aeneid written
by Virgil under the reign of Augustus, tells of
how the Trojan prince Aeneas came to Italy.
II. According to the Aeneid, the survivors from
the fallen city of Troy banded together under
Aeneas, underwent a series of adventures
around the Mediterranean, and eventually
reached the Italian coast.
III. One of the descendants of Aeneas was raped
by Mars, and then gave birth to Romulus and
Remus, who are the traditional founders of
Rome from myth.
IV. The story tells of a prophecy that the brothers
would overthrow their murderous uncle, so he
ordered them to be drowned in the Tiber.
V. The servants who were to drown the infants
took pity on them and left them along the Tiber,
where they were nurtured by a she-wolf until
a shepherd found and raised them as his sons.
IV. The story tells of a prophecy that the brothers
would overthrow their murderous uncle, so he
ordered them to be drowned in the Tiber.
V. The servants who were to drown the infants
took pity on them and left them along the Tiber,
where they were nurtured by a she-wolf until
a shepherd found and raised them as his sons.
VI. When Remus and Romulus became adults,
they decided to establish a city, but they
quarreled, and Romulus killed his brother.
VII. Thus Rome began with a fratricide, a story
that was later taken to represent the city's
history of political strife and bloodshed.
VIII.Between 1500 to 1000 BC, Indo-European
peoples moved into the Italian Peninsula.
IX. One of these groups was the Latins, herders
and farmers who established a settlement of
huts on top of Rome’s hills.
X. Around 800 BC, the Greeks settled in Italy
and passed on to the Romans their alphabet,
art, architecture, literature, culture, and how
to cultivate grapes.
The Etruscans
I.
Around the same time, the Etruscans settled
north of Rome, and around 650 BC came to
control Rome and the surrounding area.
II. The Etruscans influenced the development
of early Rome even more than the Greeks.
III. The Etruscans found Rome a village, but
launched a building program that turned
it into a city.
IV. From the Etruscans, the Romans adopted
the toga and short cloak, organization of the
army, and their architecture style.
Sarcophagus
The Rise of Rome
The Republic
I.
In 509 BC, the Romans overthrew the last
Etruscan king and established a republic.
II. A republic is a form of government which
the leader is not a monarch, and at least
certain citizens have the right to vote.
III. Roman society was divided into two orders;
the patricians, large landowners, who were
Rome’s ruling class, and the plebeians were
craftspeople, merchants, and small farmers.
IV.Men from both orders could vote, but only
patricians could be elected to government
offices.
V. Two people were chosen every year by the
Senate to serve as consuls, the highest elected
office, to run the government and lead the
Roman army into battle.
VI.The Roman Senate was comprised of 300
patricians who served as a senator for life.
VII.How is this different than the U.S. senate?
VIII.The Senate had existed since the time of the
Roman Kingdom, and survived the rule of the
Etruscans.
IX. During the time of the Roman Kingdom, the
Senate elected kings, then elected the consuls
which lead the Republic, and in times of great
crisis the Senate would elect a dictator.
X. What is a dictator?
XI. Originally the Senate’s role was to advise
government officials, but by the 3rd century,
the Senate’s decisions had the force of law.
XII. The Senate would decide minor matters by a
voice vote or show of hands, and significant
matters by physically dividing the chamber.
XIII.All senators were required to speak before
a vote could be held, and since all meetings
had to end at nightfall, a senator could talk
a proposal to death.
XIV.What is the modern term for this called?
Filibuster!
XV. Senators were required to ask the Senate’s
permission before leaving Italy, they could
not engage in banking, could not own a ship
large enough to conduct commerce, and were
not paid a salary.
The Struggle of the Orders
I.
Within Roman society and government,
there was often conflict between the orders
because of social and political inequality.
II. Plebeians especially resented that it was they
who served in the Roman army and protected
Rome, but it was the patricians who ruled.
III. Even children of plebeians and patricians
were forbidden to marry each other.
IV. After hundreds of years of struggle, a popular
assembly was created for the plebeians, which
had the power to pass laws for all Romans.
V.
The Romans also developed laws that affected
the entire Mediterranean world of the day,
and later generations to come.
VI. The Romans needed laws to address legal
questions that arose between Roman and
non-Roman citizens.
VII. They developed universal laws based on
reason, which established standards of
justice that applied to all people.
VIII.These standards included regarding a person
as innocent until proven guilty, people were
allowed to defend themselves before a judge,
and a judge was expected to weigh evidence.
The Rise of Rome
I.
II.
In 338 BC, the Romans began conquering
other Latin states, by 264 BC the Romans had
conquered the Greek colonies in southern
Italy, and then they conquered the Etruscans.
The Romans devised a confederation system
in which some people, especially Latins, were
given Roman citizenship, the others were
made allies and remained free to run their
own affairs.
IV. Loyal allies could improve their status, and
could even become Roman citizens, giving
Rome’s conquered peoples a feeling they had
a real stake in Rome’s success.
V. The Romans believed that their success was
because of their sense of duty, courage, and
discipline.
VI. What is this similar to? Greek Arête.
VII. The Roman historian Livy, writing in the 1st
century BC, provided a number of stories to
teach Romans the virtues that made Rome
great, such as the story of Horatius.
The Roman Legion
Legionary
VIII.However, Rome’s success was due in part to
them being good diplomats, allowing states to
run their own internal affairs, and they were
firm, even cruel when necessary.
IX. The Romans also had accomplished soldiers,
they were brilliant strategist, and if they lost
an army or fleet, the Romans would simply
build a new one instead of conceding defeat.
X. The Romans built fortified towns and roads
connecting them so they could move troops
easily and quickly.
Roman Roads
Roman Bridges
The Punic Wars
I.
The city of Carthage, founded around 800 BC
by the Phoenicians, had built a trading empire
in the Mediterranean.
II. The Romans were fearful that Carthage might
try to take control of the Italian Peninsula.
III. In 264 BC, Rome sent and army into Sicily,
part of the Carthaginian empire, starting the
First Punic War.
IV. Rome, a land power, built a navy to fight
Carthage, a sea power, and after long years
of struggle, Rome defeated Carthage which
gave up all rights to Sicily in 241 BC.
V.
However, to make up for the loss of Sicily,
Carthage expanded in Hispania, and Rome’s
encouragement of these colonies to revolt
started the Second Punic War in 218 BC.
VI. The Carthaginian general, Hannibal, decided
to bring the war home to Rome, and entered
Spain with about 38,000 troops, 8,000 cavalry,
and 37 war elephants.
Hannibal
War Elephants
V.
However, to make up for the loss of Sicily,
Carthage expanded in Hispania, and Rome’s
encouragement of these colonies to revolt
started the Second Punic War in 218 BC.
VI. The Carthaginian general, Hannibal, decided
to bring the war home to Rome, and entered
Spain with about 38,000 troops, 8,000 cavalry,
and 37 war elephants.
VII. Hannibal crossed the Alps to enter Italy, and
the journey took its toll on his army, killing
most of the elephants, but Hannibal’s army
was still a real threat.
Hannibal's Crossing of the Alps
VIII.The Romans decided to meet Hannibal head
on, and they lost an army of almost 40,000.
IX. Rome refused to surrender, but Hannibal
could not take Rome, so he roamed up and
down the Italian Peninsula.
X. The Romans could not defeat Hannibal in
Italy, so in a brilliant military move, they
invaded Carthage instead.
XI. Hannibal was recalled home, but his forces
were crushed, and Carthage lost Hispania
which became a Roman province.
XII. For years afterwards, a number of prominent
Romans called for the complete destruction of
Carthage.
XIII.In 146 BC, Rome destroyed Carthage in the
Third Punic War; for 10 days the Romans
burned and demolished every building, and
the city’s 50,000 men, women, and children
were sold into slavery.
XIV.Following the destruction of Carthage, North
Africa became a Roman province, and during
this time the Romans conquered Macedonia
and then Greece.