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DNAandGenes Getthe BigPicture Study the picture. Then answer the questions. The phosphategroup and the sugar,deoxyribose,make up the sideof the DNA ladder' ,/ osphtate frer, lO:p-O I _ "/ \)!1/"\o;oxr'oose -ff l 'l\+ lr'l\ o p:6' E,/l\ i ,y ")-" Guanine(G) - i N \-/ Adenine(A) / i:\ H N "-\"/-\ \-/ \ I / a n/^^i",61";;;s\ \ /:_\ c : l / \ \ N c -\",1";-" ,-,( r Nitrogenbases \ \-/ '\ \10" -\ _/ ,-1 \_" ,_/ rhym;ine(r) \-{ .', \o A D N Am o l e c u l ei ss i m i l a ri n s h a p et o a l a d d e r \-.( i cYbsine(c) '1." H 1. How many typesof nitrogen basesdoesDNA have? Name them. 2. What are the sidesof the DNA ladder madeoF 3. What are the steps of the DNA ladder made of.) 4. What kind of bonds hold the chains of building blocks together? CONTENTMASTERY oflife ffi CHAPTER 11 BIoLocY TheDynamics ffi ffiffi r DNA and GeneSl continued Section 11.1 DNA: The Molecule of HereditY Studythe Diagram ladder When the DNA ladder replicates, or copies itself, the ladder breaks apart. You can think of the attach to free nucleotides apart, are ladder of the sides two or, ,ipping.Wh"n the breaking apart as "ipp", the sides"ofthe ladder, and two copies of the DNA are formed. The copies are " the no"ieotides already on (C) usually pairs rhe same as the original becauseadenine (A) usually pairs with th)rmine (T). Cltosine with guanine (G). the The diagram below shows an unzipped strand of DNA. Write the letters (A, T, C, or G) of you' ttr" strand. Some of the bases have been paired for bases thlt wilt pair with the bases "" phosphate I I Y 5-g-9€!€€€-? <- sugar nitrogen o 1. True or false! Nucleotide basesalready attached to proteins form the copied side of the DNA ladder. fr E € 2. True or false?The processof DNA replicationresultsin a copy of the original strandof DNA' E I (, : 3. True or false?Sugarand phosphatesprovide the energyfor DNA replication' o 4. True or false?The final result of DNA replicationis two copiesof the original DNA strand' O u CHAPTER 11 BIOLOGY The Dynamicsof Life CONTENTMASTERY 'il DNA and GeneSTcontinued Sectron 11.2 From DNA to Pr.otein Sectron 11.3 Genetic Changes Studythe Diagram The mRNA strand shown below is in the process of slmthesizing, or making, proteins from amino acids. IRNA molecules bring the amino acids to the mRNA strand. Circle the IRNA molecule that will attach to the codon shown on the mRNA strand. RemembeE cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G), and adenine (A) pairs wiurr uracil (tf . mRNA Now look at the diagram again and answer the questions. 1. How did you know which IRNA molecule would attach to the codon shown? = 2. Suppose one of the baseson the mRNA was changed. Would the same IRNA molecule still attach to the strand? Explain your answer. E 3. What would happen to the mRNA strand if an incorrect amino acid was inserted? CONTENTMASTERY CHAPTER 11 BIOLOGY The Dtinamicsof Life u; DNA and GeneSscontinued Reviewthe Vocabulary Review the Chapter 11 vocabulary words in the box below. Then write true or false after each statement. doublehelix nitrogen DNA replication 1 . DNA replicationproducesan exactcopy of a DNA molecule. 2 . A doublehelix is shapedlike a straight ladder. 3 . DNA hasonly three different nitrogen bases. Use the vocabulary words in the box below. Review the definitions of these words. Then draw a line to match each word in the box with its definition. a. b. c. d. e. f. transcription translation transferRNA ribosomal(ri buh SOHmul) RNA messenger RNA (KOH codon dahn) 4. This is the set of three nitrogen basesusedto makeaminoacids. of basesin mRNA 5. This happenswhen a sequence of aminoacids. is usedto makea sequence 6. This bringsaminoacidsto ribosomes. 7. This carriesthe cooiedDNA codeout to the cytoplasm. 8. This happenswhen DNAunzips and makesan RNA copy of itself. 9. This is the part of the RNA that makes up ribosomes. Use the vocabulary words in the box below to fill in the btanks in the statements. You will not use all the words. i (, E rt € € .t i frameshiftmutation (FRAYME shihft . mew TAYshun) mutation chromosomal mutagen(MYEWTuh jun) nondisjunction point mutation mutation a o (, o .F 10.A P o O is a change in a single base pair in DNA. ch 1 1 .Broken chromosomes are one causeof 12. N happens when homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly. is any agent that can causea change in DNA. 1 3 .A 11 -' fficHAPTER BIOLOGY The Dynamicsof Life CONTENTMASTERY