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DNAandGenes
Getthe BigPicture
Study the picture. Then answer the questions.
The phosphategroup and
the sugar,deoxyribose,make
up the sideof the DNA ladder'
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osphtate
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Guanine(G)
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Adenine(A)
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Nitrogenbases
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1. How many typesof nitrogen basesdoesDNA have?
Name them.
2. What are the sidesof the DNA ladder madeoF
3. What are the steps of the DNA ladder made of.)
4. What kind of bonds hold the chains of building blocks together?
CONTENTMASTERY
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CHAPTER
11 BIoLocY TheDynamics
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DNA and GeneSl continued
Section 11.1 DNA: The
Molecule of HereditY
Studythe Diagram
ladder
When the DNA ladder replicates, or copies itself, the ladder breaks apart. You can think of the
attach to
free
nucleotides
apart,
are
ladder
of
the
sides
two
or, ,ipping.Wh"n the
breaking apart as
"ipp", the sides"ofthe ladder, and two copies of the DNA are formed. The copies are
"
the no"ieotides already on
(C) usually pairs
rhe same as the original becauseadenine (A) usually pairs with th)rmine (T). Cltosine
with guanine (G).
the
The diagram below shows an unzipped strand of DNA. Write the letters (A, T, C, or G) of
you'
ttr" strand. Some of the bases have been paired for
bases thlt wilt pair with the bases
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phosphate
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sugar
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1. True or false! Nucleotide basesalready attached to proteins form the copied side of the
DNA ladder.
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2. True or false?The processof DNA replicationresultsin a copy of the original strandof DNA'
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3. True or false?Sugarand phosphatesprovide the energyfor DNA replication'
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4. True or false?The final result of DNA replicationis two copiesof the original DNA strand'
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CHAPTER 11 BIOLOGY The Dynamicsof Life
CONTENTMASTERY
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DNA and GeneSTcontinued
Sectron 11.2 From DNA to Pr.otein
Sectron 11.3 Genetic Changes
Studythe Diagram
The mRNA strand shown below is in the process of slmthesizing, or making, proteins from amino acids.
IRNA molecules bring the amino acids to the mRNA strand. Circle the IRNA molecule that will attach to
the codon shown on the mRNA strand. RemembeE cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G), and adenine (A)
pairs wiurr uracil (tf .
mRNA
Now look at the diagram again and answer the questions.
1. How did you know which IRNA molecule would attach to the codon shown?
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2. Suppose one of the baseson the mRNA was changed. Would the same IRNA molecule still attach to
the strand? Explain your answer.
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3. What would happen to the mRNA strand if an incorrect amino acid was inserted?
CONTENTMASTERY
CHAPTER 11 BIOLOGY The Dtinamicsof Life
u;
DNA and GeneSscontinued
Reviewthe Vocabulary
Review the Chapter 11 vocabulary words in the box below. Then write true or false after each
statement.
doublehelix
nitrogen
DNA replication
1 . DNA replicationproducesan exactcopy of a DNA molecule.
2 . A doublehelix is shapedlike a straight ladder.
3 . DNA hasonly three different nitrogen bases.
Use the vocabulary words in the box below. Review the definitions of these words. Then draw a
line to match each word in the box with its definition.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
transcription
translation
transferRNA
ribosomal(ri buh SOHmul) RNA
messenger
RNA
(KOH
codon
dahn)
4. This is the set of three nitrogen basesusedto
makeaminoacids.
of basesin mRNA
5. This happenswhen a sequence
of aminoacids.
is usedto makea sequence
6. This bringsaminoacidsto ribosomes.
7. This carriesthe cooiedDNA codeout to
the cytoplasm.
8. This happenswhen DNAunzips and makesan
RNA copy of itself.
9. This is the part of the RNA that makes
up ribosomes.
Use the vocabulary words in the box below to fill in the btanks in the statements. You will not use
all the words.
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frameshiftmutation
(FRAYME
shihft . mew TAYshun)
mutation
chromosomal
mutagen(MYEWTuh jun)
nondisjunction
point mutation
mutation
a
o
(,
o
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10.A
P
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is a change in a single base pair in DNA.
ch
1 1 .Broken chromosomes are one causeof
12.
N
happens when homologous chromosomes fail to separate properly.
is any agent that can causea change in DNA.
1 3 .A
11
-' fficHAPTER
BIOLOGY The Dynamicsof Life
CONTENTMASTERY