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Phrases and Clauses English I Miss Gilles What is a clause? • Simply, a group of words with a subject and a verb 5Types Independent Subordinate Adjective Adverb Noun What is an Independent Clause? • Think: INDEPENDENT – Has a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought *Independent clauses can stand alone as sentences! Independent Clauses Karen and John are late as usual Identify the subject and the verb. Does the clause represent a complete thought? What is a Subordinate Clause? • Has a subject and a verb, but does NOT express a complete thought. * Can NOT stand alone. * Must be attached to or inserted into an independent clause * OR the word that makes it a subordinate clause must drop out Subordinate Clause • Because she is trying to save money, Sheila is packing her lunch. *Identify the subordinate and independent clause in the sentence above *Because she is trying to save money, Sheila is packing her lunch. Subordinate Clause *NOW, let’s make it a bit harder… • The person who called this morning didn’t leave a message. *Locate the subordinate and independent clauses in the sentence above. * The person who called this morning didn’t leave a message Subordinate Clause • Turn each of the following subordinate clauses into independent clauses. Because helium is lighter than air. That your documentation is important to prove that you did not make up your facts Subordinate Clause Because helium is lighter than air. Helium is lighter than air That your documentation is important to prove that you did not make up your facts. Your documentation is important to prove that you did not make up your facts. Subordinate Clause • Now… A little review! What is essential in order for a group of words to be considered a CLAUSE? A SUBJECT AND A VERB Subordinate Clause • Good News! IDENTIFYING SUBORDINATE CLAUSES CAN BE MADE… EASIER!!!! Subordinate Clause • But first! We must know our subordinate conjunctions Subordinate conjunctions typically signal the beginning of subordinate clauses! Subordinate Clause Here is a list of the most common subordinating conjunctions After If When Although Once Whenever As Since Whether As if Though While As Though Till Why Because Unless Whereas Before Until Where How Than Wherever Subordinate Clause Let’s look back at some sentences we have already worked with Because she is trying to save money, Sheila is packing her lunch. Identify the Subordinating conjunction in the following sentence. What then is the subordinate clause? Subordinate Clause Because she is trying to save money, Sheila is packing her lunch Subordinating conjunction: Because Subordinate clause: Because she is trying to save money Subordinate Clause Let’s try another! Katie since she doesn’t like apples did not want to eat the apple pie. What is the subordinating conjunction? What then is the subordinate clause? Subordinate Clause Katie since she doesn’t like apples did not want to eat the apple pie. Subordinating conjunction: since Subordinate clause: since she doesn’t like apples Phrases A phrase is a group of words that has no subject or predicate. Prepositions • A word that connects another word in a sentence to a noun or pronoun • More simply, think directions Examples Under to in At of down Over above before *Do any of these look familiar? near by after Prepositional Phrase • Always begins with a preposition and ends with an object (a noun or pronoun). • Prepositional phrases may have a compound object • ALL MODIFIERS OF THE OBJECT(S) ARE PART OF THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE! Prepositional Phrase • Identify the preposition and the prepositional phrase in the following sentence. The Gorilla in the tree is named Sam. Prepositional Phrase The gorilla in the tree is named Sam. Prepositional Phrase Identify the preposition and prepositional phrase in the following sentences. (*There may be more than one) Prepositional Phrase The gorilla near the fence ran to the zookeeper with food. He was the largest of all the gorillas. Lee fell down the steps and tripped over the rug. Prepositional Phrase The gorilla near the fence ran to the zookeeper with food. He was the largest of all the gorillas. Lee fell down the steps and tripped over the rug. Prepositional Phrase Now… Using the previous sentences as models, write three sentences of your own that contain a prepositional phrase. Participle A participle is a form of a verb that acts as an adjective! Participles Present participles: End in –ing Past participles: End in – ed (or irregular forms such as –nt and –en) Like adjectives, participles answer what kind? or which one? Participles Identify the participle in the following sentences. A whining sound came from the man’s horse. Disgusted, Len walked away without saying goodbye. Participles Identify the participle in the following sentences. A whining sound came from the mans horse. Disgusted, Len walked away without saying a word. Participles Try some more, this time, underline the participle, and circle the word it is modifying. Competing, each tribe tried to show off its riches. The ground corn was used to make tortillas. Participles Competing, each tribe tried to show off its riches. The ground corn was used to make tortillas. Participial Phrase Participial phrase: A participle modified by an adverb or an adverb phrase. Studying carefully, she learned much about Native American people. Frightened by its sudden appearance, I yelled, “Snake!” Participial Phrase Identify the participle and the participial phrase in the following sentences. Gleaming in the sun, Aztec temples and towers were awesome. The wall built around the house is made of stone. Participial Phrase Identify the participle and the participial phrase in the following sentences. Gleaming in the sun, Aztec temples and towers were awesome. The wall built around the house is made of stone.