* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Adjective Clauses
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Compound (linguistics) wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
American Sign Language grammar wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Preposition and postposition wikipedia , lookup
Comparison (grammar) wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Sloppy identity wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
Romanian nouns wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Sotho parts of speech wikipedia , lookup
Italian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Bound variable pronoun wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Arabic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Turkish grammar wikipedia , lookup
English clause syntax wikipedia , lookup
Pipil grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Spanish pronouns wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Relative clause wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Adjective Clauses E l Explanation ti and d Practice P ti Compiled and Edited by Marwa El Deeb What is an Adjective? • An Adjective describes a noun. Remember nouns can either be subjects, objects or objects of prepositions. Which words are adjectives? unkind unkind ki ki d d fast fast ⌧ value value careless careless ⌧ silently silently old old What is an Adjective Clause? • An Adjective clause is a dependent clause (dependent word + subject and verb) that describes a noun. • You can imagine that an adjective clause is taking two sentences about the same noun and making them into one sentence. Examples: Examples: TheRoute postcard 66 isshows a longaroad. beautiful vista of the Grecian coastline coastline. This road goes from Chicago to California. I bought the postcard. Route 66 is a long g road that goes g from Chicago g to TheCalifornia. postcard which I bought shows a beautiful vista of the Grecian coastline. Subject Relative Pronouns • We use relative pronouns to create dependent clauses. • The relative p pronoun replaces p the word in common between the two sentences. • Sometimes, the relative pronoun will be the subject of the dependent clause. clause Examples: Subject Relative Pronouns People: Route 66 is a long road. Who or That Things or Chicago Animals: Which or That This road goes from to California. Whose Route 66 is a long gPossessive: road that g goes from Chicago g to California. Object Relative Pronouns • SSometimes, ti th the relative l ti pronoun will ill replace l the object in the dependent clause or the object of a preposition. • To connect this type of clause, the relative pronoun must be moved to the front of the clause – in front of the subject. Examples: Object Relative Pronouns Who or That The postcardPeople: shows aWhom, beautiful vista of the Grecian coastline coastline. Things or Animals: Which or That I bought the postcard. Possessive: Whose The postcard which I bought shows a beautiful vista of the Grecian coastline. Things to Remember • The relative pronoun replaces the noun – don don’tt use it and the noun in the dependent clause. – Example: • The Th postcard t d is i pretty. tt I bought b ht the th postcard. t d Incorrect: The postcard which I bought the postcard is p p pretty. y Correct: The postcard which I bought is pretty. • The relative pronoun must be next to the word it describes. describes – Example: • Incorrect: The sharks opened their mouths while they swam by the boat which were full of sharp teeth. • Correct: The sharks opened their mouths which were full of sharp teeth while they swam by the boat. Things to Remember • Formal written English: In formal formal, academic English in adjective clauses with object relative pronouns, for people, we use whom. In adjective clauses with an object bj t off a preposition, iti b bring i th the preposition iti forward and use whom or which. – Example: Jack London, whom I admire, wrote a lot of short stories. • Rather than: Jack London London, who I admire admire, wrote a lot of short stories. – Example: The presidency is the position to which many politicians aspire. • Rather than: The presidency is the position that many politicians aspire to. Things to Remember • Y You mustt understand d t d whether h th or nott the th dependent clause is essential information or extra information in the understanding of the noun. This impacts the meaning and the punctuation. • Essential clauses are also called identifying or restrictive. We DO NOT use commas with these clauses. clauses • Extra clauses are also called non-identifying or non non-restrictive. restrictive. WE MUST use commas with these clauses. We cannot use the relative pronoun that. Things to Remember • Can you understand a difference between these two sentences? – My y sister, who lives in Bel Air, has three children. – My sister who lives in Bel Air has three children. • In which sentence is it clear that I have more than one sister? •What about between these two sentences? •He looked in the refrigerator, and he threw away the food which was rotten. •He looked in the refrigerator, and he threw away the food, which was rotten. In which sentence is all of the food in the refrigerator rotten? Identifying vs vs. Non-Identifying • Think about if a listener or reader would be able to identify the noun without th adjective the dj ti clause. l Example: He is the man who works at the grocery store. This is essential (identifying) information. information Think about it as two sentences. He is a man. man He works at the grocery store. With t the Without th second d sentence, t you couldn’t ld ’t identify id tif him. hi Notice that a become the because the noun changes from indefinite to definite because of the identification. Identifying vs vs. Non-Identifying • Think about if a listener or reader would be able to identify the noun without th adjective the dj ti clause. l Example: Maria, who works as a physician’s assistant, enjoys h job. her j b This is extra (non-identifying) information. Think about it as two sentences. Maria enjoys her job. Maria works as a physician physician’ss assistant. assistant You know her name from the first sentence. This is enough to identify her.