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RULES n o i g e L n a i e leb P n a m o R of the ! c i l b u p Re Pa n a i c i tr l u s n o C e t a n Se s e v a l S http://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Mr-Educator-A-Social-Studies-Professional Name_______________________________________________________________________________________________ Period _________ Rules of the Roman Republic Government under the Republic: The Roman Army Each land-o wning citizen of Rome was required to serve in the army. In most cases ten years of milita ry servic e were required. Roman soldiers were organized into legions, or very large groups of armed soldiers. Each legion was made up of betwee n 3,000 to 6,000 heavily armed foot soldiers. Soldiers on foot are referre d to as part of the infant ry while soldiers on horseback are part of the cavalr y. Cavalr y groups suppo rted each legion . Within each legion were smalle r groups called centur ies; a centur y was a group of around 100 men and the Roman officer in charge was called a centur ion. In battle, a legion was only as strong as its ability to quickly move, shift, or rotate. If a legion could not adapt to its oppon ent it could easily be conqu ered. Each centur y in a legion could act indepe ndently, and often times when a legion would break apart the centur ies would be forced to disban d and regroup at a later time. In the first century BCE, Roman writers bragged that their city had finally achieved a balanced government. They were referring to the perfect balance between a monarchy, oligarchy, and direct democracy. Rome had achieved a republic, or a government where representatives served the needs of the people. In place of a king, Rome had two officials called consuls. In some ways the consuls had kinglike powers, however their power was definitely limited. Similar to kings, consuls commanded the army and directed the city’s government. However, consul power was limited. A consul’s term was only one year long and that same person could not be elected consul again for ten years! Also, the two consuls had to agree for decisions to be made; one consul could always overrule, or veto, the other consul’s decision. The Senate was the more distinguished branch of the Roman government. There were 300 members in the Senate. Early in Rome’s history, members of the Senate were chosen from the upper class of Roman society. This meant that only Patricians could serve in the Senate. After the Conflict of the Orders, when the lower class (plebeians) fled Rome and demanded more political rights, the Senate was opened to all Roman males, either Patrician or Plebeian. Senate membership was for life. Consuls would appoint people to the Senate once a seat became available. This meant that while the Consul was constantly changing, the Senate remained firm, strong, and stable. Because of this, the Senate had great influence over both foreign and domestic policy. Unlike the Senate where members served for life, the Assembly was the more democratic side of the government and represented the views of the “common man.” The Assembly had very little power in Rome’s early days. For example, the Assembly could vote for laws or to go to war, but the Senate could block their decisions. One grand power the Assembly had was that each year they had the sole power to choose two members of the Senate to serve as Consuls. However, the Romans were not ready to completely give their government to the people. In times of crisis, the republic could appoint a dictator, or a leader who had absolute power. This rule would have the power to make laws and command the army. The Romans were quick though to place limits on the dictator’s power; their term lasted for only six months and dictators were recommended by consuls, then approved by the senate. ©, Mr. Educator, 2013 ans: Patrician & Plebei struggled for two groups of Romans In the early republic, ns; they made up group was the patricia political power. One of the power. s and they held most er wn do lan te eli , hy the wealt Members of the called the plebeians. The other group was merchants. The rmers, artisans, and plebeian class were fa population. up the majority of the de ma ss cla ian be ple gave them d that their ancestry ime cla ss cla n cia tri The pa ved they had for Rome. They belie s law ke ma to y rit the autho d they thought it granted from birth an noble status that was important sponsibility to make the was their duty and re ver were barred by blic. Plebeians, howe pu re the r fo s ion cis de In time, government positions. nt ta or imp st mo ng ldi law from ho government, and y be given a “say” in the ed nd ma de s ian be Ple d the Tribune of ir own assembly calle eventually created the the plebeians otected the rights of pr ne bu Tri The . bs the Ple r to veto laws. ing the group the powe from unfair laws by giv Citizenship in the Roman Republic: The idea of the citizen changed gre atly during the Roman Republic, and it continued to evolve during the later Roman Empire. Once the Romans overthrew their Etruscan leaders they created a republic and gave more power to the people; all males over fifteen who were descend ants from the original tribes of Rome became citiz ens. Citizens of Rome distinguished themselves fro m non-citizens by wearing a toga. When Rome transit ioned into an empire, citizens wore white robes w hile the emperor wore a purple toga to distinguish hi mself as the princeps, or "first citizen." Citizenship throughout Rome varied g reatly. The full citizen could hold public office, vote on key issues, marry freeborn people, and practice b usiness. Some citizens were not allowed to vote or hold public office but could still practice busines s. A third type of citizen could vote and practice bus iness, but could not hold office or marry freeborn peo ple. The Romans had a very unique appro ach to how they handled the people they conque red. Instead of ruling these people as conquered sub jects, the Romans invited them to become citiz ens. Rather than continuing to fight Rome, these people slowly became integrated into Roman socie ty. Slaves in the Roman Republic Slaves had no rights at all in Ancient Rome; they were thought of and treated like property. If slaves disobeyed their masters the most common way they would be punished is by whipping. However, because slaves were expensive, owners would not want to inflict lasting damage. Other than whipping, slaves would also be branded with a hot iron, typically on the forehead. Another punishment was to be branded in the forehead. If a slave committed a capital crime, such as murder, they were commonly crucified in public. Why in public? To set an example for other slaves who thought about disobeying. Eventually, the practice of crucifixion was outlawed under Emperor Constantine. However, unlike in the United States, slavery in Rome was not confined to one’s skin color or race. In Rome, slaves were mostly criminals and foreigners from nearby territories that had warred with Rome. Slavery was also treated as a form of punishment. However, those in slavery could emerge; it was common for slaves to be released after serving their punishment, then they were able to become voting citizens. In hard times, it was not uncommon for families to sell their own children into slavery. public the Roman Re in ld o h se u o H The er of the ed so that the fath ur ct ru st as w y et ci Roman so s wife and e authority over hi family had complet riority as well. reinforced this supe w la an om R n. re child .. an Law, the wife . According to Rom d of her husband an . . . is the property • d to his will. completely subjecte includes ed in anyway. This sh ni pu be d ul co . . . ng sold • her as a slave. Bei ng lli se or r he ng killi 100 BC. ed, however, after as a slave was bann e or her ything. Anything sh an n ow ot nn ca . . . This • ngs to the husband. lo be t ri he in n re r child she brought with he ch hi w ry w do y an includes to the marriage. ©, Mr. Educator, 2013 Name_________________________________________________________ Period ____________ Rules of the Roman Republic 1. In the early Roman Republic, which group had most of the political power? How did they claim this authority? 2. Why was the assembly the more democratic side of the government? 3. When could a dictator come to power and how long were they in power? 4. The Roman Army: a. Define legion: b. What is the difference between infantry and cavalry? 5. Who was a citizen in Rome? How could a slave become a citizen? What were the obligations and privileges of Roman citizens? 6. How was slavery different in the Roman Republic than it was in the United States? How was it similar? 7. What rules existed in the household? What rights did women have in the Roman Republic (Give examples). ©, Mr. Educator, 2013 Key Most political power was claimed by the patricians. These were the wealthy, landowners. They claimed authority due to their ancestry. They represented views of the “common man.” Senators served for life and was therefore not very democratic -- this did not happen in the assembly. They had power to choose the consuls. Dictators could come to power during moments of crisis. This only lasted for 6 months, however, to avoid someone seizing complete control. large groups of armed soldiers; made up of 3,000 to 6,000 armed soldiers; supported by cavalry groups; contained smaller groups called centuries. infantry fights on foot while cavalry is on horseback all males over 15 who were descendants of original Roman tribes were made citizens; they distinguished themselves by wearing toga. Rome also had levels of citizenship -- full citizens had most rights whereas the lowest citizens could not hold office but could still vote. slaves could be freed and were then considered citizens Citizens could hold public office, vote on key issues, marry, however not all citizens had all of these rights. It was not based on race or skin color in Rome and slaves could become citizens; it was similar because slaves were punished harshly and could be set free fathers had complete authority of the household; father owned wife; wives could be punished in any way; wives could be sold as slaves; wives cannot own anything