Download Bio 101 H.W. 3

Bio 101
H.W. 3
1. The diversity of organisms present on Earth is the result of
A) ecosystem stability
C) natural selection
B) homeostasis
D) direct harvesting
2. Which statement is most closely related to the modern theory of evolution?
A) Characteristics that are acquired during life are passed to offspring by sexual reproduction.
B) Evolution is the result of mutations and recombination, only.
C) Organisms best adapted to a changed environment are more likely to reproduce and pass their
genes to offspring.
D) Asexual reproduction increases the survival of species.
3. Although similar in many respects, two species of organisms exhibit differences that make each well
adapted to the environment in which it lives. The process of change that may account for these differences is
A) evolution
C) regeneration of lost structures
B) germination
D) transmission of homologous structures
4. Most species on Earth have changed through time. This change is known as
A) isolation
B) geology
C) ecology
D) evolution
5. Base your answer to the following question on Which concept is best illustrated in the flowchart below?
A) natural selection
C) dynamic equilibrium
B) genetic manipulation
D) material cycle
6. Which statement is not part of the concept of natural selection?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Individuals that possess the most favorable variations will have the best chance of reproducing.
Variation occurs among individuals in a population.
More individuals are produced than will survive.
Genes of an individual adapt to a changing environment.
7. According to the theory of natural selection, why are some individuals more likely than others to survive
and reproduce?
A) Some individuals pass on to their offspring new characteristics they have acquired during their
lifetimes.
B) Some individuals are better adapted to exist in their environment than others are.
C) Some individuals do not pass on to their offspring new characteristics they have acquired during their
lifetimes.
D) Some individuals tend to produce fewer offspring than others in the same environment.
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8. Base your answer to the following question on Some of the concepts included in Darwin's theory of natural
selection are represented in the diagram below.
Which concept would be correctly placed in box X?
A) use and disuse
C) changes in nucleic acids
B) variation
D) transmission of acquired traits
9. Parrots are tropical birds. However, in some areas of New York City, some parrots have been able to
survive outdoors year-round. These parrots survive, while most others cannot, due to
A)
B)
C)
D)
overproduction of offspring
extinction of previous species
asexual reproduction of parrots with a mutation
a variation that allows these parrots to live in colder climates
10. The kit fox and red fox species are closely related. The kit fox lives in the desert, while the red fox inhabits
forests. Ear size and fur color are two differences that can be observed between the species. An illustration
of these two species is shown below.
Which statement best explains how the differences between these two species came about?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Different adaptations developed because the kit fox preferred hotter environments than the red fox.
As the foxes adapted to different environments, differences in appearance evolved
The foxes evolved differently to prevent overpopulation of the forest habitat.
The foxes evolved differently because their ancestors were trying to avoid competition.
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11. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below represents four different species of wild
birds. Each species has feet with different structural adaptations.
Which concept would best explain the development of these adaptations?
A)
B)
C)
D)
inheritance of resistance to diseases that affect all these species
inheritance of characteristics acquired after the birds hatched from the egg
natural selection
selective breeding
12. A man lifts weights and develops large arm muscles. His son has larger muscles than his father had at the
same age. According to Lamarck's theory, this situation is due to
A) competition between father and son
C) inheritance of acquired characteristics
B) survival of the fittest
D) mutagenic agents
13. Which statement would most likely have used by Lamarck to explain the development of the long trunk in
elephants?
A)
B)
C)
D)
Elephants stretched their trunks to reach food supply and this longer trunk was passed on.
A mutation occurred and its frequently increased in later generations.
Elephants with longer trunks had a higher survival rate and the longer trunk was passed on
Elephants with short trunks were mostly sterile.
14. Geographic and reproductive isolation are most closely associated with
A) speciation
B) extinction
C) overproduction D) competition
15. Members of a population may become separated from the original population by a newly formed mountain
range. This occurrence is an example of
A) geographic isolation
C) natural selection
B) reproductive isolation
D) struggle for existence
16. A group of organisms became reproductively isolated from its original population due to geographic
separation. This group would most likely be
A)
B)
C)
D)
unable to successfully interbreed with its original population
genetically identical to its original population
unable to live in the same habitat with its original population
able to reproduce with its original population, only
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17. Based on modern evolutionary theory, the development of a new species would most likely be associated
with
A) a constant environment
C) geographic isolation
B) stable gene pools
D) a lack of mutations
18. If an ecosystem is changed through a natural disaster, organisms will have the best chance of survival if
A) their environment has few abiotic factors
C) the population size is small
B) the organisms are large
D) their species exhibits genetic variation
19. Which organism would most likely have new gene combinations?
A)
B)
C)
D)
a frog that was produced from a skin cell of a frog
a hamster resulting from sexual reproduction
a bacterium resulting from asexual reproduction
a starfIsh that grew from part of a starfish
20. Which species is most likely to survive changing environmental conditions?
A)
B)
C)
D)
a species that has few variations
a species that reproduces sexually
a species that competes with similar species
a species that has a limited life span
21. Exposure to cosmic rays, x-rays, ultraviolet rays, and radiation from radioactive substances may promote
A)
B)
C)
D)
the production of similar organisms
diversity among organisms
an increase in population size
a change from sexual to asexual reproduction
22. Since variations between offspring are important in the process of natural selection, evolution would be
expected to occur more rapidly in species that reproduce by the process of
A) budding
C) sexual reproduction
B) asexual reproduction
D) sporulation
23. Which process would have the least influence on the rate of evolutionary change?
A) sexual reproduction
C) meiosis
B) mutation
D) asexual reproduction
24. The embryos of fish, chickens, and pigs have gill slits and a tail. The presence of these features suggests
that
A)
B)
C)
D)
all these animals can swim
pigs developed from chickens
these animals may have had a common ancestor
gill slits and tails are required for embryonic development
25. Which observation provides the best evidence that two different animals most likely have a common
ancestor?
A)
B)
C)
D)
They choose the same plants for food.
They both burrow into the ground for shelter.
They have similarities in early embryonic development.
They both inhabit the same environment.
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26. Studies that reveal the similarities in the development that occurs in reptile eggs and bird eggs are often
used to trace possible pathways of evolution. These studies are part of the research in the field of
comparative
A) anatomy
B) embryology
C) biochemistry
D) cytology
27. Sheep and pigs have more enzymes in common than sheep and frogs do. What does this finding indicate?
A)
B)
C)
D)
none of these animals are related
frogs are not related to pigs
sheep are more closely related to pigs than to frogs
frogs are more closely related to sheep than to pigs
28. Which observation could best be used to indicate an evolutionary relationship between two species?
A) They have similar base sequences.
B) They have similar fur color.
C) They inhabit the same geographic regions. D) They occupy the same niche.
29. The blood of rhesus monkeys contains proteins similar to those found in the blood of humans. This
observation suggests that rhesus monkeys and humans
A) belong to the same genus
C) have identical chromosomes
B) may have a common ancestor
D) occupy the same niche
30. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.
Letters A through L represent different species of organisms. The arrows represent long periods of geologic
time.
Which two species would most likely show the greatest similarity of DNA and proteins?
A) B and J
B) G and I
C) J and K
D) F and L
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31. Base your answer to the following question on In the diagram below of undisturbed sedimentary rock
strata, in which rock layer are the fossils of more complex animals generally found?
A) A
B) B
C) E
D) D
32. Which technique has been used by scientists to determine that the Earth is at least 4.5 billion years old?
A)
B)
C)
D)
radioactive dating of rocks in the Earth's crust
comparing fossils found in the upper strata to fossils found in the lower rock
using the electron microscope to observe fossils of prehistoric microscopic life forms
using x-rays to find fossils buried in the Earth's crust
33. Base your answer to the following question on In the diagram below, B, C, and D represent organisms that
exist in the present time and show a striking similarity to each other in their bone structure.
In the diagram, letter A most likely represents
A) homologous structures
C) an acquired characteristic
B) a common ancestor
D) geographic distribution
34. Base your answer to the following question on The diagrams below illustrate three homologous structures.
The structural similarities represented in the diagrams are considered supporting evidence for
A) the heterotroph hypothesis
C) use and disuse
B) a common ancestry
D) geographic isolation
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35. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The
diagram illustrates one possible scheme of evolution among various groups of organisms.
Which two groups of organisms in the diagram are shown to be most closely related?
A) Porifera and Echinodermata
C) Mollusca and Annelida
B) Chordata and Platyhelminthes
D) Arthropoda and Coelenterata
36. The diagrams below represent the forelimbs of three different organisms.
These structures are classified as homologous because they
A) demonstrate the law of use and disuse
C) represent acquired characteristics
B) are identical in function
D) are similar in structure and origin
37. Which term describes appendages that may have different functions, but are similar in structure an are
assumed to have the same evolutionary origin?
A) fossils
B) homozygous
C) homologous
D) mutations
38. A species that lacks the variation necessary to adapt to a changing environment is more likely to
A) develop many mutated cells
C) begin to reproduce sexually
B) become extinct over time
D) develop resistance to disease
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39. Woolly mammoths became extinct thousands of years ago, while other species of mammals that existed at
that time still exist today. These other species of mammals most likely exist today because, unlike the
mammoths, they
A)
B)
C)
D)
produced offspring that all had identical inheritable characteristics
did not face a struggle for survival
learned to migrate to new environments
had certain inheritable traits that enabled them to survive
40. The first life-forms to appear on Earth were most likely
A) complex single-celled organisms
C) simple single-celled organisms
B) complex multicellular organisms
D) simple multicellular organisms
41. A small village that is heavily infested with mosquitoes was sprayed with an insecticide once a week for
several months. Changes in the size of the mosquito population are shown in the graph below.
State one way that the population of mosquitoes present 7 months after spraying differs genetically from
the population of mosquitoes present before the spraying began.
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Base your answers to questions 42 through 46 on
the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
New varieties of organisms have resulted from human activities. These organisms have often led to
problems in modern society. Two of these new varieties are listed below.
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Pesticide-resistant insects
Select one of these varieties and discuss a problem associated with the development of this new variety of
organism. In your answer, be sure to:
42. Identify one possible negative effect of this solution.
43. State one solution to this problem.
44. Identify one problem caused by this resistance.
45. Describe how this process is involved in the production of a population of resistant organisms.
46. Identify the variety you selected and one biological process by which a population of this variety may
develop resistance.
47. Base your answer to the following question on
the passage below and on your knowledge of biology.
Dandelions are weeds that are very common in many grassy areas of New York State. Dandelion
flowers first open up in a bright-yellow stage, and later turn a fluffy white when they are ready to
release their seeds. The seeds are carried by the wind, and can sometimes travel great distances before
landing and growing into new plants. The stems of dandelions are usually very long, typically about
20–30 centimeters (cm), and stand high above the surrounding grass.
A science teacher in Niagara County discovered an area in her lawn where nearly every dandelion
had a stem less than 1 cm long. These short dandelions were replacing large amounts of grass in the
lawn surrounding her house. They were growing much more thickly than the taller dandelions in other
nearby areas. The short dandelions appeared to be growing very successfully in one area of her lawn,
but did not appear to have spread to other areas of her lawn. The science teacher noticed that every time
she mowed her lawn, the short dandelions were left untouched by the mower blades, and that their
numbers were steadily increasing.
State one possible explanation for the fact that the short dandelions had not yet spread to other areas of
her lawn.
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Base your answers to questions 48 through 50 on the information below and on your knowledge of
biology.
Rabbits eat plants and in turn are eaten by predators such as foxes and wolves. A population of
rabbits is found in which a few have a genetic trait that gives them much better than average leg
strength
48. It was later discovered that the rabbits born with the trait for above average leg strength also inherited the
trait for poor eyesight. Taking into account this new information, explain how your predictions would
change. Support your answer.
49. State what is likely to happen to the rabbits in the population that do not have the trait for above average
leg strength.
50. Predict how the frequency of the trait for above average leg strength would be expected to change in the
population over time. Explain your prediction.
Base your answers to questions 51 and 52 on
the information below and on your knowledge of biology.
A plant known as caltrop is found on one of the Galapagos Islands. The caltrop plant produces seeds
with tough, spiny coats. There is a bird species, Geospiza fortis, that can crack the tough seed coat and
eat the contents inside. On one part of the island where there are many of these birds, the caltrop plants
produce fewer seeds and the coats of the seeds have longer and more numerous spines. On another part
of the island where there are few of these birds, the plants produce more seeds and the seed coats have
fewer, shorter spines.
51. Identify one process that can result in adaptations.
52. Identify one variation the caltrop seeds have for survival.
53. An insect pest known as the medfly significantly reduced the orange crop in California. Pesticides were
used to control the medfly. Using the concept of natural selection, explain how the continued use of a
certain pesticide may become ineffective in controlling this fly. Your answer must include the concepts of:
• variation
• adaptive value of a variation (adaptation)
• survival
• reproduction
Answer Key
Homework 3/3
1.
C
37.
C
2.
C
38.
B
3.
A
39.
D
4.
D
40.
C
5.
A
41.
6.
D
7.
B
8.
B
9.
D
10.
B
11.
C
12.
C
13.
A
14.
A
15.
A
16.
A
17.
C
– Seven months later,
there is a higher
frequency in the
population of the gene
for resistance to the
insecticide. – Most of
the mosquitos will
have the variation that
protects them from
the pesticide. – More
have the gene that
makes them immune
to the effect of the
pesticide. – More
mosquitos have the
gene that allows them
to survive
18.
D
42.
19.
B
20.
B
21.
B
22.
C
23.
D
24.
C
25.
C
26.
B
27.
C
— People might be
sick longer. — More
46.
people could get sick.
— Organisms may
become resistant to
other treatments. —
Natural predators may 47.
get out of control. —
Inserted genes may
have an undesired
effect. — Research
takes a lot of time and
money.
28.
A
29.
B
30.
A
31.
A
32.
A
33.
B
34.
B
35.
C
36.
D
43.
— Do not use
44.
— Resistant bacteria
will survive and
continue to make
people sick. —
Insects will continue
to destroy crops. —
Antibiotics do not
work anymore. —
There will be less
food available.
45.
Natural Selection: — 48.
The population had
some members that
were naturally
resistant to
antibiotics. They
survived and
reproduced, passing
on the resistance.
Evolution: — Some
organisms were
resistant to the
pesticide. They
survived and passed
on the trait.
Reproduction: —
Resistant members
survived and passed
on the trait.
Mutation: — It
produces variations
that give some
organisms a survival
advantage.
— The frequency of
the trait for above
average leg strength
might actually
decrease because
the poor eyesight
might be more of a
disadvantage than the
leg strength is an
advantage.— Now it
seems that the
frequency will more
likely decrease
because they will not
see well
enough to get
away.— The
frequency of the trait
for above average leg
strength will remain
the same because the
advantage will be
canceled out by a
disadvantage.
— natural selection
— evolution —
reproduction —
mutation
49.
— The rabbits that do
not have the stronger
leg-strength trait will
start to decrease in
number.— They
might be eaten by
predators.
50.
— The above average
leg-strength trait
would increase in
frequency because the
rabbits
with the stronger legs
would be more likely
to get away from
predators.
51.
— natural selection
— mutation — sexual
reproduction
52.
tough seed coats or
spiny seed coats
— The seeds from
plants with shorter
stems are less likely
to be carried by the
wind. — The short
dandelions do not
have an adaptation
needed for survival in
other areas of the
lawn. — The seeds
from the shorter
dandelions did not
land there.
Answer Key
Homework 3/3
53.
Examples: Some
medflies have a
variation that provides
resistance to
pesticide. ‘When the
pesticide is present,
those flies with the
favorable variation
will survive to
reproduce and pass
the variation to
offspring. A variety of
medfly resistant to the
pesticide will result.