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Bio 101 H.W. 3 1. The diversity of organisms present on Earth is the result of A) ecosystem stability C) natural selection B) homeostasis D) direct harvesting 2. Which statement is most closely related to the modern theory of evolution? A) Characteristics that are acquired during life are passed to offspring by sexual reproduction. B) Evolution is the result of mutations and recombination, only. C) Organisms best adapted to a changed environment are more likely to reproduce and pass their genes to offspring. D) Asexual reproduction increases the survival of species. 3. Although similar in many respects, two species of organisms exhibit differences that make each well adapted to the environment in which it lives. The process of change that may account for these differences is A) evolution C) regeneration of lost structures B) germination D) transmission of homologous structures 4. Most species on Earth have changed through time. This change is known as A) isolation B) geology C) ecology D) evolution 5. Base your answer to the following question on Which concept is best illustrated in the flowchart below? A) natural selection C) dynamic equilibrium B) genetic manipulation D) material cycle 6. Which statement is not part of the concept of natural selection? A) B) C) D) Individuals that possess the most favorable variations will have the best chance of reproducing. Variation occurs among individuals in a population. More individuals are produced than will survive. Genes of an individual adapt to a changing environment. 7. According to the theory of natural selection, why are some individuals more likely than others to survive and reproduce? A) Some individuals pass on to their offspring new characteristics they have acquired during their lifetimes. B) Some individuals are better adapted to exist in their environment than others are. C) Some individuals do not pass on to their offspring new characteristics they have acquired during their lifetimes. D) Some individuals tend to produce fewer offspring than others in the same environment. H.W. 3 8. Base your answer to the following question on Some of the concepts included in Darwin's theory of natural selection are represented in the diagram below. Which concept would be correctly placed in box X? A) use and disuse C) changes in nucleic acids B) variation D) transmission of acquired traits 9. Parrots are tropical birds. However, in some areas of New York City, some parrots have been able to survive outdoors year-round. These parrots survive, while most others cannot, due to A) B) C) D) overproduction of offspring extinction of previous species asexual reproduction of parrots with a mutation a variation that allows these parrots to live in colder climates 10. The kit fox and red fox species are closely related. The kit fox lives in the desert, while the red fox inhabits forests. Ear size and fur color are two differences that can be observed between the species. An illustration of these two species is shown below. Which statement best explains how the differences between these two species came about? A) B) C) D) Different adaptations developed because the kit fox preferred hotter environments than the red fox. As the foxes adapted to different environments, differences in appearance evolved The foxes evolved differently to prevent overpopulation of the forest habitat. The foxes evolved differently because their ancestors were trying to avoid competition. H.W. 3 11. Base your answer to the following question on The diagram below represents four different species of wild birds. Each species has feet with different structural adaptations. Which concept would best explain the development of these adaptations? A) B) C) D) inheritance of resistance to diseases that affect all these species inheritance of characteristics acquired after the birds hatched from the egg natural selection selective breeding 12. A man lifts weights and develops large arm muscles. His son has larger muscles than his father had at the same age. According to Lamarck's theory, this situation is due to A) competition between father and son C) inheritance of acquired characteristics B) survival of the fittest D) mutagenic agents 13. Which statement would most likely have used by Lamarck to explain the development of the long trunk in elephants? A) B) C) D) Elephants stretched their trunks to reach food supply and this longer trunk was passed on. A mutation occurred and its frequently increased in later generations. Elephants with longer trunks had a higher survival rate and the longer trunk was passed on Elephants with short trunks were mostly sterile. 14. Geographic and reproductive isolation are most closely associated with A) speciation B) extinction C) overproduction D) competition 15. Members of a population may become separated from the original population by a newly formed mountain range. This occurrence is an example of A) geographic isolation C) natural selection B) reproductive isolation D) struggle for existence 16. A group of organisms became reproductively isolated from its original population due to geographic separation. This group would most likely be A) B) C) D) unable to successfully interbreed with its original population genetically identical to its original population unable to live in the same habitat with its original population able to reproduce with its original population, only H.W. 3 17. Based on modern evolutionary theory, the development of a new species would most likely be associated with A) a constant environment C) geographic isolation B) stable gene pools D) a lack of mutations 18. If an ecosystem is changed through a natural disaster, organisms will have the best chance of survival if A) their environment has few abiotic factors C) the population size is small B) the organisms are large D) their species exhibits genetic variation 19. Which organism would most likely have new gene combinations? A) B) C) D) a frog that was produced from a skin cell of a frog a hamster resulting from sexual reproduction a bacterium resulting from asexual reproduction a starfIsh that grew from part of a starfish 20. Which species is most likely to survive changing environmental conditions? A) B) C) D) a species that has few variations a species that reproduces sexually a species that competes with similar species a species that has a limited life span 21. Exposure to cosmic rays, x-rays, ultraviolet rays, and radiation from radioactive substances may promote A) B) C) D) the production of similar organisms diversity among organisms an increase in population size a change from sexual to asexual reproduction 22. Since variations between offspring are important in the process of natural selection, evolution would be expected to occur more rapidly in species that reproduce by the process of A) budding C) sexual reproduction B) asexual reproduction D) sporulation 23. Which process would have the least influence on the rate of evolutionary change? A) sexual reproduction C) meiosis B) mutation D) asexual reproduction 24. The embryos of fish, chickens, and pigs have gill slits and a tail. The presence of these features suggests that A) B) C) D) all these animals can swim pigs developed from chickens these animals may have had a common ancestor gill slits and tails are required for embryonic development 25. Which observation provides the best evidence that two different animals most likely have a common ancestor? A) B) C) D) They choose the same plants for food. They both burrow into the ground for shelter. They have similarities in early embryonic development. They both inhabit the same environment. H.W. 3 26. Studies that reveal the similarities in the development that occurs in reptile eggs and bird eggs are often used to trace possible pathways of evolution. These studies are part of the research in the field of comparative A) anatomy B) embryology C) biochemistry D) cytology 27. Sheep and pigs have more enzymes in common than sheep and frogs do. What does this finding indicate? A) B) C) D) none of these animals are related frogs are not related to pigs sheep are more closely related to pigs than to frogs frogs are more closely related to sheep than to pigs 28. Which observation could best be used to indicate an evolutionary relationship between two species? A) They have similar base sequences. B) They have similar fur color. C) They inhabit the same geographic regions. D) They occupy the same niche. 29. The blood of rhesus monkeys contains proteins similar to those found in the blood of humans. This observation suggests that rhesus monkeys and humans A) belong to the same genus C) have identical chromosomes B) may have a common ancestor D) occupy the same niche 30. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. Letters A through L represent different species of organisms. The arrows represent long periods of geologic time. Which two species would most likely show the greatest similarity of DNA and proteins? A) B and J B) G and I C) J and K D) F and L H.W. 3 31. Base your answer to the following question on In the diagram below of undisturbed sedimentary rock strata, in which rock layer are the fossils of more complex animals generally found? A) A B) B C) E D) D 32. Which technique has been used by scientists to determine that the Earth is at least 4.5 billion years old? A) B) C) D) radioactive dating of rocks in the Earth's crust comparing fossils found in the upper strata to fossils found in the lower rock using the electron microscope to observe fossils of prehistoric microscopic life forms using x-rays to find fossils buried in the Earth's crust 33. Base your answer to the following question on In the diagram below, B, C, and D represent organisms that exist in the present time and show a striking similarity to each other in their bone structure. In the diagram, letter A most likely represents A) homologous structures C) an acquired characteristic B) a common ancestor D) geographic distribution 34. Base your answer to the following question on The diagrams below illustrate three homologous structures. The structural similarities represented in the diagrams are considered supporting evidence for A) the heterotroph hypothesis C) use and disuse B) a common ancestry D) geographic isolation H.W. 3 35. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram illustrates one possible scheme of evolution among various groups of organisms. Which two groups of organisms in the diagram are shown to be most closely related? A) Porifera and Echinodermata C) Mollusca and Annelida B) Chordata and Platyhelminthes D) Arthropoda and Coelenterata 36. The diagrams below represent the forelimbs of three different organisms. These structures are classified as homologous because they A) demonstrate the law of use and disuse C) represent acquired characteristics B) are identical in function D) are similar in structure and origin 37. Which term describes appendages that may have different functions, but are similar in structure an are assumed to have the same evolutionary origin? A) fossils B) homozygous C) homologous D) mutations 38. A species that lacks the variation necessary to adapt to a changing environment is more likely to A) develop many mutated cells C) begin to reproduce sexually B) become extinct over time D) develop resistance to disease H.W. 3 39. Woolly mammoths became extinct thousands of years ago, while other species of mammals that existed at that time still exist today. These other species of mammals most likely exist today because, unlike the mammoths, they A) B) C) D) produced offspring that all had identical inheritable characteristics did not face a struggle for survival learned to migrate to new environments had certain inheritable traits that enabled them to survive 40. The first life-forms to appear on Earth were most likely A) complex single-celled organisms C) simple single-celled organisms B) complex multicellular organisms D) simple multicellular organisms 41. A small village that is heavily infested with mosquitoes was sprayed with an insecticide once a week for several months. Changes in the size of the mosquito population are shown in the graph below. State one way that the population of mosquitoes present 7 months after spraying differs genetically from the population of mosquitoes present before the spraying began. H.W. 3 Base your answers to questions 42 through 46 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. New varieties of organisms have resulted from human activities. These organisms have often led to problems in modern society. Two of these new varieties are listed below. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria Pesticide-resistant insects Select one of these varieties and discuss a problem associated with the development of this new variety of organism. In your answer, be sure to: 42. Identify one possible negative effect of this solution. 43. State one solution to this problem. 44. Identify one problem caused by this resistance. 45. Describe how this process is involved in the production of a population of resistant organisms. 46. Identify the variety you selected and one biological process by which a population of this variety may develop resistance. 47. Base your answer to the following question on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology. Dandelions are weeds that are very common in many grassy areas of New York State. Dandelion flowers first open up in a bright-yellow stage, and later turn a fluffy white when they are ready to release their seeds. The seeds are carried by the wind, and can sometimes travel great distances before landing and growing into new plants. The stems of dandelions are usually very long, typically about 20–30 centimeters (cm), and stand high above the surrounding grass. A science teacher in Niagara County discovered an area in her lawn where nearly every dandelion had a stem less than 1 cm long. These short dandelions were replacing large amounts of grass in the lawn surrounding her house. They were growing much more thickly than the taller dandelions in other nearby areas. The short dandelions appeared to be growing very successfully in one area of her lawn, but did not appear to have spread to other areas of her lawn. The science teacher noticed that every time she mowed her lawn, the short dandelions were left untouched by the mower blades, and that their numbers were steadily increasing. State one possible explanation for the fact that the short dandelions had not yet spread to other areas of her lawn. H.W. 3 Base your answers to questions 48 through 50 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. Rabbits eat plants and in turn are eaten by predators such as foxes and wolves. A population of rabbits is found in which a few have a genetic trait that gives them much better than average leg strength 48. It was later discovered that the rabbits born with the trait for above average leg strength also inherited the trait for poor eyesight. Taking into account this new information, explain how your predictions would change. Support your answer. 49. State what is likely to happen to the rabbits in the population that do not have the trait for above average leg strength. 50. Predict how the frequency of the trait for above average leg strength would be expected to change in the population over time. Explain your prediction. Base your answers to questions 51 and 52 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology. A plant known as caltrop is found on one of the Galapagos Islands. The caltrop plant produces seeds with tough, spiny coats. There is a bird species, Geospiza fortis, that can crack the tough seed coat and eat the contents inside. On one part of the island where there are many of these birds, the caltrop plants produce fewer seeds and the coats of the seeds have longer and more numerous spines. On another part of the island where there are few of these birds, the plants produce more seeds and the seed coats have fewer, shorter spines. 51. Identify one process that can result in adaptations. 52. Identify one variation the caltrop seeds have for survival. 53. An insect pest known as the medfly significantly reduced the orange crop in California. Pesticides were used to control the medfly. Using the concept of natural selection, explain how the continued use of a certain pesticide may become ineffective in controlling this fly. Your answer must include the concepts of: • variation • adaptive value of a variation (adaptation) • survival • reproduction Answer Key Homework 3/3 1. C 37. C 2. C 38. B 3. A 39. D 4. D 40. C 5. A 41. 6. D 7. B 8. B 9. D 10. B 11. C 12. C 13. A 14. A 15. A 16. A 17. C – Seven months later, there is a higher frequency in the population of the gene for resistance to the insecticide. – Most of the mosquitos will have the variation that protects them from the pesticide. – More have the gene that makes them immune to the effect of the pesticide. – More mosquitos have the gene that allows them to survive 18. D 42. 19. B 20. B 21. B 22. C 23. D 24. C 25. C 26. B 27. C — People might be sick longer. — More 46. people could get sick. — Organisms may become resistant to other treatments. — Natural predators may 47. get out of control. — Inserted genes may have an undesired effect. — Research takes a lot of time and money. 28. A 29. B 30. A 31. A 32. A 33. B 34. B 35. C 36. D 43. — Do not use 44. — Resistant bacteria will survive and continue to make people sick. — Insects will continue to destroy crops. — Antibiotics do not work anymore. — There will be less food available. 45. Natural Selection: — 48. The population had some members that were naturally resistant to antibiotics. They survived and reproduced, passing on the resistance. Evolution: — Some organisms were resistant to the pesticide. They survived and passed on the trait. Reproduction: — Resistant members survived and passed on the trait. Mutation: — It produces variations that give some organisms a survival advantage. — The frequency of the trait for above average leg strength might actually decrease because the poor eyesight might be more of a disadvantage than the leg strength is an advantage.— Now it seems that the frequency will more likely decrease because they will not see well enough to get away.— The frequency of the trait for above average leg strength will remain the same because the advantage will be canceled out by a disadvantage. — natural selection — evolution — reproduction — mutation 49. — The rabbits that do not have the stronger leg-strength trait will start to decrease in number.— They might be eaten by predators. 50. — The above average leg-strength trait would increase in frequency because the rabbits with the stronger legs would be more likely to get away from predators. 51. — natural selection — mutation — sexual reproduction 52. tough seed coats or spiny seed coats — The seeds from plants with shorter stems are less likely to be carried by the wind. — The short dandelions do not have an adaptation needed for survival in other areas of the lawn. — The seeds from the shorter dandelions did not land there. Answer Key Homework 3/3 53. Examples: Some medflies have a variation that provides resistance to pesticide. ‘When the pesticide is present, those flies with the favorable variation will survive to reproduce and pass the variation to offspring. A variety of medfly resistant to the pesticide will result.