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Vocabulary
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Republic
patrician
plebeian
consul
dictator
tribune
veto
legion
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Ancient Rome
From Republic To Empire
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Romulus and Remus
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Pillars of Roman Culture
• Courage
• Loyalty
• Devotion to Duty
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Geography
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Geography
• Easier to unify
• Less rugged
mountains
• Broad fertile
plains
• Supported a
growing
population
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People
• Latin people settled
along the Tiber River
• Villages built on
Seven low lying hills
• Became Rome – the
City on Seven Hills
• Shared the peninsula
with the Etruscans
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Etruscans
• Adapted their
alphabet
• Learned to use
the arch and
engineering
techniques
• Gods/goddesses
became Roman
ones
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Roman Republic
• 509 B.C. – Romans
drove out Etruscan
rulers – marking the
founding of the Roman
state
• Set up a Republic –
‘thing of the people’
– Would keep any one
individual from
becoming too powerful
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Government Takes Shape
• Roman Senate
– 300 members were all patricians (wealthy elite)
– Serve for life
– Made the laws
• Consuls (2) were elected from the Senate to
run government and command armies.
– Served one year term
– Checks and balances
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Dictators
• In the event of war, Senators chose a dictator
– Ruler with complete control over government
• Could rule for six months
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Plebeians Demand Equality
• Famers, merchants, artisans, traders
– Bulk of the population
• Complained about not knowing the laws
• Laws of the Twelve Tables
– Carved and posted in the Roman Forum
• Made it possible to appeal a judgment handed
down by a patrician judge
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Plebeians Demand Equality
• Gained the right to elect their
own officials
– Tribunes
• Tribunes could veto laws
harmful to plebeians
• Plebeians eventually
– Served as consuls
– Appointed to other high offices
– Opened the Senate to
membership
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A Lasting Legacy
• Common people gained power and rights!
• Framers of the U.S. Constitution would adapt
Roman ideas:
– Senate
– Veto
– Checks and balances
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Roman Society
• Family – basic unit of society
– Father had absolute authority over family
– Enforced discipline and demanded respect
– Wife was subject to his authority
• Ideal Roman woman was loving, dutiful,
dignified and strong.
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Roman Women
• Played a larger role than Greek women
• Ran businesses small and large
– Most worked at home –
• Over time gained greater freedom and
influence
• Some women had important public roles and
exercised political influence.
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Education
• Everyone learned to read
and write
– Girls, boys, rich, and poor
• Rich Romans hired Greek
tutors that taught
– Memorization of historic
events
– Rhetoric
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Religion
• Roman gods and goddesses resembled those
of the Etruscans and Greeks
• Zeus = Jupiter ruled over sky and other gods
• Juno = Hera marriage
• Neptune = Poseidon
god of the sea
• Year was filled with different festivals for the
gods
– Romans worshipped and asked for divine
assistance
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Expansions in Italy
• By 270 B.C. – Romans
controlled entire
peninsula
• Etruscans to the north
and Greeks to the south
were conquered
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Citizen Soldiers
• Basic military unit was called a legion
– 5,000 men
• Legions consisted of citizen-soldiers
– Fought without pay and supplied own weapons
• Culture admired loyalty, courage and respect
for authority
• Success was insured with rewards and
punishment
– Desertion meant death
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Conquered Lands
• Treated defeated people with respect
– Acknowledge Roman leadership
– Pay taxes
– Supply soldiers to Roman army
• Conquered lands
– Keep local customs
– Money
– Local government
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Conquered Lands
• To some- Rome gave full Roman citizenship
• Some got partial citizenship:
– Could marry Romans
– Trade with Rome
• Generous policies created loyalty to Rome
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Protection and Unification
• Rome posted soldiers
throughout the land
• Built all-weather roads
to link territories
• Latin was incorporated
into local dialects
• Italy began to unite
under Roman rule
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Questions
• Describe two ways that geography of Italy
influenced the rise of Rome.
• What reforms did plebeians win during the
early republic?
• What were two reasons for Rome's success in
expanding its power across Italy?
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