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America’s Imperialism and the
emergence of a World Power
18.0 Outline Imperialism and World War I (1898-1919)
-During the late 1800s and
the early 1900s, the US
became far more
imperialistic
-US began using its
economic and military
strength to create new
markets and claim foreign
land
-It engaged in an
Imperialistic war
-It waged economic warfare
to annex Hawaii
-It included itself in a world
war
-And earned its place as a
world power
A Trifle Embarrassed: Puck Magazine
Description: Uncle Sam and Lady Liberty are standing by a wall
labeled "U.S. Foundling Asylum". Outstretched arms labeled
"Manifest Destiny" are handing them a basket of crying children
representing Porto (sic) Rico, Hawaii, Cuba, Philippines. Children
dancing in the yard are labeled California, Texas and Mexico.
Section 18.0 Objectives
• What were the major factors that contributed to the growth of American
Imperialism?
• What were the Consequences of the war for Spain and the United
States?
• Why did the Treaty of Paris cause such debate among Americans?
• What did the Platt Amendment State?
• Why did the U.S. wish to attain a strong influence in Cuba?
• Why did the Western powers seek to establish spheres of influence in
China?
• What were the Open Door Notes?
• How did President Roosevelt become involved in the Russo- Japanese
War?
• What did the Roosevelt Corollary state?
Imperialism
• American had always sought to
expand the size of their nation.
• Many American leaders believed
the should join the imperialist
powers of Europe and establish
colonies over seas.
• IMPERIALISM: the policy in
which stronger nations extend
their economic, political, or
military control over weaker
territories.
Argument for Imperialism:
• 1. Global Competition: All countries fought to be first
to conquer and take over parts of Africa and Asia
during the 19th century
• 2. Desire for military strength: Establish a global
military presence in order to compete with our nations
• 3. Thirst for new markets: the answer for
overproduction, unemployment and economic
depression.
• 4. Belief in cultural superiority: US had a
responsibility to spread Christianity and “civilization”
to the World’s inferior people.
The U.S. Acquires Alaska
• In 1867 the Secretary of
State, William Seward,
arranged to buy Alaska from
Russia for 7.2 million.
• H.O.R. wasn’t sure about the
new purchase and nicknamed
it “ Seward’s icebox”
• 1959 Alaska becomes a state
and for about 2 cents an acre
the U.S. had acquired land
rich in timber, minerals, and
OIL!
The United States Takes Hawaii
• The same year Alaska was bought the U.S. took
the Midway Islands.
• These lay 1300 miles North of Hawaii.
• No one lived there so the event did not attract
much attention
• Hawaii had always been important to the U.S. as
a stop on the way to China or as sugar providers
• By the mid 19th century American sugar-owned
plantations made of about three-quarters of the
island’s wealth
Annexation and the end of a
Monarchy
• To make sure Hawaiian sugar stayed tax free,
white planters called for the annexation (or
addition) of the islands to the United States
• Pearl Harbor was built in 1887 and served as a
refueling base for ships on their way to Asia
• Queen Liliuokalani came up with the slogan of
“Hawaii for Hawaiians”. A revolution was
started by white plantation owners and she was
overthrown.
• President Cleveland refused to annex Hawaii
unless Hawaiian voters agreed to it. When
McKinley takes office he gives Hawaii
statehood (1959) without a vote by their citizens
Queen Liliuokalani
Intro to Cuba
-Cuban Civil War
-William Randolph Hearst
-Yellow Journalism
-USS Maine
-De Lome Letter
-USS Maine Explodes
-War Declared
-Philippines invaded
-Treaty of Paris
-Guam, Puerto Rico,
Philippines become US
territories
-Platt Amendment
-no autonomy, treaties,
Guantanamo Bay
-FDR Good Neighbor
Policy
The Duty of the Hour
Text: "The duty of the Hour" to save Cuba from a worse fate
than Spanish misrule is America's duty.
Cuba is in the Frying Pan of Spanish misrule, and it is fearful of
being cast into the fire of anarchy.
America’s Interest in Cuba
• By the end of the 19th century Spain had lost
many of the colonies, yet they still controlled
Cuba, Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico
• 1854 President Franklin Pierce inquired about the
purchase of Cuba and Spain adamantly refused
• Cuban War against Spain breaks out (18681878). Don’t win freedom, but are successful in
ending slavery
• **America quickly invests in large sugar cane
plantations
Cuba Libre!
• Jose Marti issued another Revolution to gain
freedom and in his guerilla campaign burnt and
destroyed many plantations
• Americans were split. Many sided with Cubans
and their fight for freedom while others were
trying to protect their investments and sided with
Spain
• Spanish General came over to end resistance.
Pushed 300,000 Cubans into camps. Many died
of hunger and disease
War FEVER!
• Yellow Journalism- Style of writing that
exaggerates news to lure and enrage
readers
– helped bring American sympathy to
Cuban Rebels
• De Lome Letter- President McKinley,
with the pressure from the American
people, worked to end brutality in Cuba.
Letter written by Spanish minister was
leaked to the press calling the President
weak.
• Just a few days later, the U.S.S. Maine
exploded in the harbor of Havana. No
one knew why, but Spain was blamed.
America is outraged!
The Spanish American War
• “Remember the Maine” American pro war slogan
• First Battle take place in the Philippines
• Filipinos helped America because they too
wanted freedom from Spain
• **Spanish troops surrendered in Manila
• 6/1898 the U.S. army and the ROUGH RIDERS
(volunteer Calvary led by T. Roosevelt) landed in
the port city of Santiago
• Battles were won and America pushed on to
Puerto Rico
The Treaty of Paris
• August 12, 1898 the fifteen week war
was over
• Met in Paris to come up with a treaty
• Spain freed Cuba and turned Guam, and
Puerto Rico over to the United States
• Sold the Philippines to the U.S. for 20
million
• Treaty was highly debated: some
thought it went against the Declaration
of Independence (self gov’t), others said
we had enough problems at home and
even more feared jobs would be taken!
• All ignored when Senate approves the
treaty in 1898. America grows in SIZE!
Acquiring
New Lands
Ruling Puerto Rico
• Originally controlled through the military
• In 1900 the FORAKER ACT ended military rule
and set up a Civil Government
• Act gave the U.S. the power to appoint the
Governor and members of the upper house of
legislature
• Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution does not
automatically apply to people in acquired U.S.
territories
• In 1917 Congress extended the right to U.S.
citizenship to Puerto Rican citizens
Cuba and the U.S.
• At the end of the Spanish American war America had made it clear they
would not take over Cuba
• American soldiers still occupied Cuba after the war
• American gov’t brought in food, medical and clothing.
• Platt Amendment: Americans forced Cuba to add this to their
constitution
– 1. Cuba couldn’t make treatises that gave another country any control
of their territory
– 2. The U.S. had the right to intervene
– 3. Cuba was not to go into debt
– 4. US. Could buy or lease land for naval stations
• Cuba became a U.S. PROTECTORATE. This means a country whose
affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power
Philippines
-Ruled like a colony
-Filipinos want freedom and vowed
to get it!
-Guerrilla War tactics
-Forced Filipinos to live in
designated zones with poor
sanitation, starvation and disease
killed many (sound familiar….CUBA
& SPAIN)
-Sent African Americans to
fight..Many fought for the Filipinos
-War lasted 3 years and cost $400
million.
-Insular Cases, no Constitutional
rights for non-citizens in
US territories
**Finally got independence on July
4, 1946.
THE FILIPINO’S FIRST BATH
Grant Hamilton
Judge, New York, June 10, 1899
Here President William McKinley
scrubs a Filipino savage with a
brush labeled “Education” in the
cleansing waters of “Civilization”.
A freshly scrubbed Cuba and Porto
Rico in the background are donning
new clothes decorated with the
U.S. stars and stripes
AND, AFTER ALL, THE PHILIPPINES ARE ONLY THE STEPPINGSTONE TO CHINA
E. Flohri
Judge, March 21, 1900
Uncle Sam, carrying a book entitled Education and Religion,
brings railroads and modern industrial goods to China
which awaits him with open arms. The cartoon justifies the U.S.
occupation of the Philippines as a stepping stone
in this trade. But as a matter of fact, the U.S.’s principal transPacific trading partner was Japan, not China
Asian Influence
--Creation of American
Foreign Policy
1. Growth of U.S.
economy depended on
exports
2. Had the right to
intervene abroad in order to
keep open foreign markets
3. Feared the closing
of an area to American
people, product or ideas
threatened U.S. survival
Cartoon: "In the Chinese Labyrinth,"
the foreign powers try to avoid war - except
for Germany's Kaiser, who puts his foot right
in it.
Foreign influence in China
• U.S. saw the Philippines as a gateway to the rest of
Asia
• China was weakened due to war and foreign
intervention “Sick man of Asia
• “Open Door Notes” letter addressed to imperialist
nations stating that no single nation would have a
monopoly on trade with China
• Chinese Martial Artists fought back in the Boxer
Rebellion.
• Japan ,Britain, France, Germany and America put
down the rebellion killing thousands of Chinese
America as a
World Power
Teddy
Roosevelt
-McKinley is assassinated
by an anarchist
-Teddy Roosevelt becomes
President
-Progressivism
-Imperialism
-Panama Canal
-Columbia
-Panamanian Revolution
-American influence in
Panama and the
construction of the Panama
Canal
-Roosevelt Corollary
TROUBLE AHEAD FOR THE TRAINER
J. S. Pughe
Puck, date unknown
President Theodore Roosevelt is shown as a muscular circus
trainer brandishing a whip and controlling domestic
economic monopolies (“Trusts”), the Republican Party (the
elephant), the Dominican Republic (San Domingo),
Panama (a stubborn donkey) and the Philippines caricatured as
a black savage. Progressive Republican TR pursued
both a reformist economic policy at home and an imperialist
policy abroad
T.R. and the World
• 1905- Japan and Russia go to
war
• Japan asks American to
intervene as a peace
negotiator
• On the President’s yacht the
Treaty of Portsmouth was
signed
• This event gave T. Roosevelt
the Nobel Peace Prize and
made him a trusted confident
with two powerful countries
Panama Canal
• A canal cutting across Central
America.
• Greatly reduce travel time for
commercial and military ships
• Bought a French Company’s
failed attempt at the building of
the canal for $40 million
• Panama declared independence
from Columbia (With American
support)
• Gave permission to build canal
for a fee of $10 million and an
annual rent payment of
$250,000!
The Roosevelt Corollary
• Many Latin American countries were in debt to
European nations
• Roosevelt feared what would happen if they
couldn’t make payments
• Reminded Europe of the MONROE DOCTRINE
• Added the Roosevelt Corollary: disorder in Latin
America might, “force the United States…. To
the exercise of an international police power”
– ** Protecting economic interests in Latin America
Woodrow Wilson’s Missionary
Diplomacy
• Added his own touch to the Monroe Doctrine
• Denied United States recognition to any Latin
American government that it viewed as
oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile to U.S.
interests.
– Before, we recognized any gov’t no matter their
policies or how they came to power
• Pressured nations in the Western Hemisphere to
form Democratic governments
– **Immediately tested with the Mexican Revolution!