Download Organic Chemistry Review

Organic Chemistry
Review
Organic Chemistry Review
• Organic compounds contain carbon atoms
that are bonded to one another in chains,
rings, and networks to form a variety of
structures (polymers, oils, and other large
molecules).
• Carbon has four valence electrons and always
makes four covalent bonds with other atoms.
Functional groups impart distinctive
physical and chemical properties to
organic compounds.
• The functional groups contain electronegative
elements (halogens, O, and N). The more polar
compounds have higher melting and boiling
points than their hydrocarbon counterparts.
Hydrogen “bonds”
• When the electronegative element is bonded
to hydrogen, it is capable of making hydrogen
bonds.
• These strong intermolecular forces lead to
higher MP and BP, and lower vapor pressures
than other functional groups that are bonded
to carbon only.
Hydrocarbons, organic acids,
alcohols, esters, amines,
amides, and amino acids are
categories of organic
molecules that differ in their
structural formulas as a
result of different functional
groups.
What you need to be able to do…
• You need to be able to use Tables P, Q and R
with ease to get the organic questions.
• Identifying functional groups, naming
compounds, recognizing saturated and
unsaturated hydrocarbons, especially in
reactions; these are skills you need to have.
What You Will See
• Note that you will see full structural formulas
and condensed structural formulas.
• Table R has partially condensed formulas. You
need to be able to discern between these
different ways of describing molecules:
-CHO aldehyde
-COOH
acid
-CO- ketone
-COOC- ester
IUPAC Organic Nomenclature System
• Hydrocarbons, organic acids, alcohols, and
esters are names using the IUPAC system.
• The IUPAC system provides a method of
distinguishing among isomers of organic
compounds.
Functional Group Questions
Isomers
• Isomers have the same molecular formula,
empirical formula, and % composition. They
test this definition a lot.
• If you’re not sure about an isomer, count the
carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens; make sure
they’re the same as the molecule in question.
Isomer Questions
Unsaturated organic compounds contain
at least one double or triple bond.
• Each bond is a pair of shared electrons.
• How many electrons (or pairs) in double and
triple bonds?
Recognizing Hydrocarbons
• You need to be able to recognize a alkane,
alkene, or an alkyne by its chemical formula
(Table Q).
• Know how to use the general formulas, and
know. They often ask this question as part of a
substitution or addition reaction question.
Addition, hydrogenation, substitution,
polymerization, esterification,
fermentation, saponification,
oxidation, and combustion are
examples of organic reactions.
• Addition is probably the most popular
reaction they test with, followed by
esterification.
List of Organic Reactions
• substitution (by halogens) of saturated hydrocarbons
• addition (by hydrogen and halogens) of unsaturated
hydrocarbons
• esterification (condensation):
alcohol + organic acid  ester + H2O
• combustion: organic compound + O2  CO2 + H2O
• fermentation:
C6H12O6 (glucose)  2CH3CH2OH (ethanol) + 2 CO2
• saponification: fatty acids + base  soap + glycerol
• addition polymerization: usually polyethylene (ethene)
• condensation polymerization: esters, proteins,
polysaccharides, fats, synthetics
Organic Reactions