* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Cell Molecules * materials for biotechnology
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Citric acid cycle wikipedia , lookup
Gene regulatory network wikipedia , lookup
Paracrine signalling wikipedia , lookup
Monoclonal antibody wikipedia , lookup
Biochemical cascade wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Protein–protein interaction wikipedia , lookup
Two-hybrid screening wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup
Fatty acid metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Genetic code wikipedia , lookup
Polyclonal B cell response wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Amino acid synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Size-exclusion chromatography wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Proteolysis wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Agenda: 3-11 Stem Cell Debates To identify the molecules necessary for life Basic building blocks Class Notebook Date Topic 2/28 Stem Cell investigation using http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/ 3/3 Bioethical Issues – Key questions 3/3 Bioethical Issues – Stem Cells 3/5 What are the bioethical issues related to stem cells? 3/5 Debate Preparation - Positions on Stem Cells 3/6 Debate Preparation - Notes & Sources My position is: _______ ( Aff or Neg) 3/10 Debate constructive and rebuttal arguments 3/10-11 Macromolecules – materials for biotechnology 3/11 Reflection on debate process & results Page Cell Molecules – materials for biotechnology Cells as molecular factories Elements of Life 96% of living organisms are made of: carbon (C) oxygen (O) hydrogen (H) nitrogen (N) Molecules of Life Put C, H, O, N together in different ways to build living organisms What are bodies made of? carbohydrates sugars & starches proteins fats (lipids) nucleic acids DNA, RNA Major types of macromolecules Macromolecules are polymers: made from smaller repeating units called monomers Building large molecules of life Chain together smaller molecules building block molecules = monomers Big molecules built from little molecules polymers Building large organic molecules Small molecules = building blocks Bond them together = polymers Building important polymers Carbohydrates = built from sugars sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar Proteins = built from amino acids amino amino amino amino amino amino acid – acid – acid – acid – acid – acid Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide How to build large molecules Synthesis building bigger molecules from smaller molecules building cells & bodies repair growth reproduction + ATP How to take large molecules apart Digestion taking big molecules apart getting raw materials for synthesis & growth making energy (ATP) for synthesis, growth & everyday functions + ATP Example of digestion ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP starch ATP glucose ATP Starch is digested to glucose Example of synthesis amino acids protein Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids amino acids = building block protein = polymer Major functions of macromolecules Structural Recognition Energy storage Make other molecules Break down other molecules Stimulate cell functions Compounds of Cells Video – Discovery Education http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYH63o10 iTE&feature=fvwrel Biological molecules – 15 minutes Major functions of macromolecules Structural Recognition Energy storage Make other molecules Break down other molecules Stimulate cell functions Lipids Hydrophobic (water hating) – do not dissolve in water Hydrocarbons - mostly hydrogen and carbon Molecules are linked together to form polymers Macromolecules Wide variety of structures, sizes and complexity Functions of lipids Cell membranes – outer & around organelles Energy storage – Animals use excess energy to manufacture and store lipids for later use Concentrated energy Sterols Hormones Cholesterol Pigments Carbohydrates Molecules made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Starting molecules are sugars Always 1 C : 2 H : 1 0 Mono-saccharides Link together to form disaccharides Link together to form polysaccharides Monosaccharides Simple sugars are linked to form carbohydrates Function of carbohydrates Glucose – energy source Cellular respiration Short term storage Connected to other molecules on the outside of cells Cell – cell recognition Cell signaling Adhesion of cells to each other Carbohydrates can be attached to proteins Function of carbohydrates Plants use disaccarides as way to store or transport glucose for future use Food (energy) source for animals Primary components of cell walls Plants - cellulose Bacteria cell walls Insects – exoskeleton (chitin) Carbohydrates YouTube – Carbohydrates – biochemistry Proteins Workhorse of the cell 75% of cell (dry mass) Typical cell produces 2000 different types of proteins Carry out almost all functions necessary for life Proteins Molecules based on C, H, O and N Building blocks – Amino acids Polypeptide chains 20 types of amino acids - vary only at the side chain 100’s of amino acids linked (bonded) together in an order Must fold to become a protein Proteins – folded, 3-dimensional shape gives the protein its working ability Ability to bind with other molecules in very specific ways Shapes of molecules - Shape of molecules Youtube – Protein movie zlatkosmole Amino acids are linked (bonded) into polypeptides and then folded to make a protein Functions of proteins Drivers of cellulose processes Enzymes Signaling molecules Receptors Transporters Hormones Antibodies Structural Proteins to function must Fit with and bind to other proteins and other Molecules 3-dimensional shape is critical to its function - sequence of amino acids - folding If a protein loses its shape (deformed): loses its function (called denatured) Example of critical nature of protein shape Functioning of an enzyme Nucleic Acids Information carrying molecules Directs the synthesis of all other molecules DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid RNA - ribonucleic acid Very long chains of 4 monomer units DNA →mRNA → Proteins Central Dogma of Biology “Gene expression” in biotechnology Cell Metabolism Biological molecules in food Broken down for energy Broken down for building blocks molecules Recycling the atoms Building blocks are reassembled to meet needs of the cell Cell metabolism Proteins Cell metabolism Carbohydrates Cell metabolism Lipids Cell metabolism Nucleic acids