Download Cell Molecules * materials for biotechnology

Agenda: 3-11
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Stem Cell Debates
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To identify the molecules necessary for life
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Basic building blocks
Class Notebook
Date
Topic
2/28
Stem Cell investigation using
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/
3/3
Bioethical Issues – Key questions
3/3
Bioethical Issues – Stem Cells
3/5
What are the bioethical issues related to stem
cells?
3/5
Debate Preparation - Positions on Stem Cells
3/6
Debate Preparation - Notes & Sources
My position is: _______ ( Aff or Neg)
3/10
Debate constructive and rebuttal arguments
3/10-11
Macromolecules – materials for biotechnology
3/11
Reflection on debate process & results
Page
Cell Molecules – materials for
biotechnology
Cells as molecular
factories
Elements of Life
96% of living organisms are
made of:
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carbon (C)
oxygen (O)
hydrogen (H)
nitrogen (N)
Molecules of Life
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Put C, H, O, N together in different
ways to build living organisms
What are bodies made of?
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carbohydrates
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sugars & starches
proteins
fats (lipids)
nucleic acids
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DNA, RNA
Major types of macromolecules
Macromolecules are polymers:
made from smaller repeating units
called monomers
Building large molecules of life
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Chain together smaller molecules
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building block molecules = monomers
Big molecules built from little molecules
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polymers
Building large organic molecules
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Small molecules = building blocks
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Bond them together = polymers
Building important polymers
Carbohydrates = built from sugars
sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar – sugar
Proteins = built from amino acids
amino amino amino amino amino amino
acid – acid – acid – acid – acid – acid
Nucleic acids (DNA) = built from nucleotides
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
How to build large molecules
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Synthesis
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building bigger molecules
from smaller molecules
building cells & bodies
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repair
growth
reproduction
+
ATP
How to take large molecules apart
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Digestion
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taking big molecules apart
getting raw materials

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for synthesis & growth
making energy (ATP)

for synthesis, growth & everyday functions
+
ATP
Example of digestion
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
ATP
starch
ATP
glucose
ATP

Starch is digested to glucose
Example of synthesis
amino acids
protein
 Proteins are synthesized by bonding amino acids
amino acids = building block
protein = polymer
Major functions of macromolecules
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Structural
Recognition
Energy storage
Make other molecules
Break down other molecules
Stimulate cell functions
Compounds of Cells
Video – Discovery Education

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYH63o10
iTE&feature=fvwrel
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Biological molecules – 15 minutes
Major functions of macromolecules
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Structural
Recognition
Energy storage
Make other molecules
Break down other molecules
Stimulate cell functions
Lipids 
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Hydrophobic (water hating) – do not dissolve
in water
Hydrocarbons - mostly hydrogen and carbon
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Molecules are linked together to form polymers
Macromolecules
Wide variety of structures, sizes and
complexity
Functions of lipids
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Cell membranes – outer & around organelles
Energy storage –
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Animals use excess energy to manufacture and
store lipids for later use
Concentrated energy
Sterols
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Hormones
Cholesterol
Pigments
Carbohydrates
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Molecules made of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen
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Starting molecules are sugars
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Always 1 C : 2 H : 1 0
Mono-saccharides
Link together to form disaccharides
Link together to form polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
Simple sugars are linked to form
carbohydrates
Function of carbohydrates
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Glucose – energy source
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Cellular respiration
Short term storage
Connected to other molecules on the outside
of cells
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Cell – cell recognition
Cell signaling
Adhesion of cells to each other
Carbohydrates can be attached to proteins
Function of carbohydrates
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Plants use disaccarides as way to store or
transport glucose for future use
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Food (energy) source for animals
Primary components of cell walls
 Plants - cellulose
 Bacteria cell walls
 Insects – exoskeleton (chitin)
Carbohydrates
YouTube – Carbohydrates – biochemistry
Proteins
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Workhorse of the cell
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75% of cell (dry mass)
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Typical cell produces 2000 different types of
proteins
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Carry out almost all functions necessary for
life
Proteins
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Molecules based on C, H, O and N
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Building blocks – Amino acids
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Polypeptide chains
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20 types of amino acids - vary only at the side chain
100’s of amino acids linked (bonded) together in an order
Must fold to become a protein
Proteins – folded, 3-dimensional shape
gives the protein its working ability

Ability to bind with other molecules in very specific ways
Shapes of
molecules -
Shape of molecules
Youtube – Protein movie zlatkosmole
Amino acids are linked (bonded) into
polypeptides and then folded to make a protein
Functions of proteins
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Drivers of cellulose processes
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Enzymes
Signaling molecules
Receptors
Transporters
Hormones
Antibodies
Structural
Proteins to function must
Fit with and bind to other proteins and other
Molecules
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3-dimensional shape is critical to its function
- sequence of amino acids
- folding
If a protein loses its shape (deformed): loses its
function (called denatured)
Example of critical nature of protein shape
Functioning of an enzyme
Nucleic Acids
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Information carrying molecules
Directs the synthesis of all other molecules
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DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA - ribonucleic acid
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Very long chains of 4 monomer units
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DNA →mRNA → Proteins
Central Dogma of Biology
“Gene expression” in biotechnology
Cell Metabolism
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Biological molecules in food
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Broken down for energy
Broken down for building blocks molecules
Recycling the atoms
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Building blocks are reassembled to meet needs of
the cell
Cell metabolism
Proteins
Cell metabolism
Carbohydrates
Cell metabolism
Lipids
Cell metabolism
Nucleic acids