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Examples of the definition of biotechnology Milestones of biotechnology (I) Lesson 1, 2: What is biotechnology? The definition of biotechnology The English term‘Biotechnology’ includes the meanings of Bio (life, organism) and Technology (craft, technique) Lesson 1, 2: What is biotechnology? The definition of biotechnology For a more precise description, ‘Biotechnology’ is ‘the techniques applying biological process, biological cells or other metabolites to produce products and improve human living quality’ Lesson 1, 2: What is biotechnology? Biotechnology is not entirely an emerging technology. Traditional biotechnology can be traced back to the fermentation process used by ancient people to produce traditional food such as rice wine, vinegar, Soya sauce and bread, etc. Lesson 1, 2: What is biotechnology? Conventional example: Beer AD 1750, The Barbarians produced beer AD1956, The fermentation techniques developed maturely in Japan Lesson 1, 2: What is biotechnology? The area of biotechnology More conventional examples in applying biotechnology Agriculture – produce fertilizers and pesticides Medicines – diagnose and prevent diseases, produce antibiotics, vaccine and drugs Industry – chemical industrial raw materials Lesson 1, 2: What is biotechnology? Recent development of biotechnology Lesson 1, 2: What is biotechnology? Example (Medical): Counteracting bacteria 1675 Leeuwenhoek used microscope to discover bacteria for the first time 1928 Fleming discovered Penicillin and led to the application of antibiotics fighting against bacterial diseases Lesson 1, 2: What is biotechnology? Example (Medical): Counteracting viruses 1797 Successfully use cow pox vaccines to prevent children from viral infection of smallpox Lesson 1, 2: What is biotechnology? Example (Industrial): Chemical industrial raw materials Most of the applications of biotechnology in chemical industry are related to the use of fermentation methods in organisms to improve the production process, such as amino acids and industrial catalysts Amino acid shampoo Lesson 1, 2: What is biotechnology? Example (agricultural): biological organic fertilizer Lesson 1, 2: What is biotechnology? Modern Biotechnology Examples of the definition of biotechnology Milestones of biotechnology (I) Lesson 3,4: The development of modern biotechnology DNA Techniques 1863 Mendel discovered inheritance genes 1869 Discovery of DNA in sperms of fish 1879 Discovery of chromosomes 1943-44 Discovery of DNA as inheritance materials synthesising genes Lesson 3,4: The development of modern biotechnology protein chromosomes 1953 Crick and Watson discovered the molecular structure of DNA cell gene DNA 1970 H.O. Smith and K.W. Wilcox discovered restriction enzymes that can selectively cut DNA into segments 1972 Paul Berg used restriction enzymes to break DNA into fragments, then used ligase to join two segments of DNA. The DNA recombination technique succeeded. Lesson 3,4: The development of modern biotechnology 1976 The first time to use DNA recombination technique to diagnose alpha thalessemia, a human genetic disorder disease 1978 Proposed the technique of selectively change DNA coding 1981 The first DNA production machine produced 1983 PCR technique existed which can produce large amount of DNA accurately Lesson 3,4: The development of modern biotechnology 1984 Introduction of DNA Fingerprinting 1988 Develop Human Genome Project to find out the entire sequence of human 1990 Successfully conducted gene therapy Lesson 3,4: The development of modern biotechnology 1995 Successfully mapped all the DNA sequence from H.influenzae 1998 Successed mapped all the DNA sequence from C.elegans 2001 Human Genome Project completed: the coding was published to the public Lesson 3,4: The development of modern biotechnology The constraints and the issues of biotechnology Lesson 5, 6: What are the problems of biotechnology? Organism cloning technique 1996 A cloned sheep is firstly produced from embryos in Scotland 1997 A cloned sheep is produced from cells of a mature sheep in Scotland 1997 Reports on cloned rhesus Embryonic stem cells 1998 Embryonic stem cells can be used for reproducing normal tissues and can also simulate diseased cells for researches 2001 The United States approved the present embryonic stem cell researches for the treatment of dementia and Pakinsonism, etc. http://www.people.com.cn/GB/keji/2520408.html Human Genome Project Genetic discrimination?