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Transcript
Review II Question and Answer • Name the process by which a parent cell splits into two daughter cells • Cell Division • What term describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones? • Catabolism • Name the 3 properties of genetic material. 1. Must carry information 2. Must be capable of being copied 3. Must be capable of undergoing change over time • What is a chromatid? • A replicate chromosome • What is the name for something that obtains its organic material from other organisms • Heterotrophs • In the late 1950s, Meselson and Stahl grew bacteria in a medium containing "heavy" nitrogen (15N) and then transferred them to a medium containing 14N. • Draw the results you would expect after one round of DNA replication in the presence of 14N • In the late 1950s, Meselson and Stahl grew bacteria in a medium containing "heavy" nitrogen (15N) and then transferred them to a medium containing 14N. • Draw the results you would expect after one round of DNA replication in the presence of 14N if the conservative model was true. • What term is used to describe the transfer of free energy from catabolic pathways to anabolic pathways? • Energy coupling • Starting with a fertilized egg (zygote), a series of 5 cell divisions would produce an early embryo with how many cells? • 32 Cells • If there are 20 Chromatids in a cell, how many centromeres are there? 10 Centromeres • What type of reactions is this? • Exergonic • Use the letters, what would be the same in an enzyme-catalyzed or noncatalyzed reaction? • D • What is the name of the microscopic pores through which CO2 enters and O2 exits during photosynthesis? • Stomata • A new sims game is out called “college years” and one new important trait in the game is alcohol tolerance (sot/light weight) Sot is the dominate trait. • If you cross a female Sl with a male Sl what is the likelihood you will get a college student who is a sot? • ¾ or ~ 75% • What if you cross a female ll with a male Sl? • 2/4 ½ or ~ 50% • Draw a diploid nucleus with, – four chromosomes – Two pairs of homologous chromosomes • One long • One short • LEAVE IT UP ON BOARD!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Make 1 long and one short dark • Now draw what you would observe at prometaphase of mitosis • Whenever energy is transformed, there is always and increase in? • Entropy of the universe • An Okazaki fragment has what type of arrangement? • 5’RNA nucleotides, DNA nucleotides 3’ • What is the change in free energy of a system at chemical equilibrium? • No net change • What are the two stages of photosynthesis? • Light Reactions and Calvin cycle During the light reactions what happens to H2O? What is released? • H2O is split • O2 is released • During the light reactions what happens to NADP+? • NADP+ is reduced to NADPH • Photophosphorylation is the process by which, what occurs? • Generate ATP from ADP Light Reactions VS. Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis • Produces O2? • Only the light reactions Light Reactions VS. Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis • Requires ATP? • Only the Calvin cycle Light Reactions VS. Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis • Produces NADH? • Neither light reactions or Calvin cycle Light Reactions VS. Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis • Produces NADPH? • Only light reactions Light Reactions VS. Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis • Produces three-carbon sugars? • Only the Calvin Cycle Light Reactions VS. Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis • Requires CO2? • Only the Calvin cycle Light Reactions VS. Calvin Cycle in photosynthesis • Requires glucose? • Neither the light reactions or calvin cycle Light Side VS. Dark Side in the Universe • Who is the ultimate Jedi, who died off way to fast? Qui Gon Jinn • Which curve represents the behavior of an enzyme taken from a bacterium that lives in hot springs at temperatures of 70 degrees C or higher? • Curve 3 • Which enzyme catalyzes the elongation of a DNA strand in the 5’ 3’ direction? • DNA polymerase III • At a specific area of a chromosome, the sequence of nucleotides below is present where the chain opens to form a replication fork: • 3' C C T A G G C T G C A A T C C 5' • An RNA primer is formed starting at the underlined T (T) of the template. What would be its primer sequence? • 5’ A C G U U A G G 3’ • Which term describes centrioles beginning to move apart in animal cells? • Prophase Name that stage, of meiosis! • Tetrads of chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the spindle; alignment determines independent assortment • Metaphase I Name that stage, of meiosis! • Synapsis of homologous pairs occurs; crossing over may occur. • Prophase Name that stage, of meiosis! • Centromeres of sister chromatids disjoin and chromatids separate • Anaphase II • What removes the RNA nucleotides from the primer and adds equivalent DNA nucleotides to the 3; end of the Okazaki fragments? • DNA polymerase I • What is the longest mitotic stage? • Metaphase • In a plant cell where are the ATP synthase complexes located? • Thylakoid membrane and plasma membrane • What separates the DNA strands during replication? • Helicase • What covalently connects segments of DNA? • Ligase • Where are the molecules of the electron transport chain found in plant cells? • Thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts • What synthesizes short segments of RNA? • Primase • Reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction’s ??? • Activation energy • A cell containing 92 chromatids at metaphase of mitosis would, at completion, produce two nuclei each containing how many chromosomes? 46 Chromosomes • This is metaphase during mitosis, –How many chromatids does this cell have? –Each nuclei would contain how many chromosomes? • 8 chromatids • 4 chromosomes • During mitosis if there are 20 centromeres in a cell at anaphase, how many chromosomes are there in each daughter cell following cytokinesis? • 20 chromosomes • If there are 20 chromatids in a cell at metaphase, how many chromosomes are there in each daughter cell following cytokinesis? • 10 chromosomes • The reduction of oxygen which forms water occurs during? • respiration • Chromosomes first become visible during which phase of mitosis? • prophase • The reduction of NADP+ occurs during? • photosynthesis • The generation of proton gradients across membranes occurs during? • Photosynthesis and respiration • Cytosine makes up 38% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in the sample will be thymine? • 12% • A gene’s location along a chromosome is known as what? • Locus • In animals, meiosis results in gametes, and fertilization results in? • Zygotes