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BIOLOGY - Immunity Model – Activity Period 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Date: ________________ Station # _______ Names ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ Background: Pathogens are disease-causing agents such as viruses and bacteria that disrupt or destroy the cells of their host. The immune system is the body’s main defense against these invaders. The immune system recognizes, attacks, destroys and “remembers” every type of pathogen that enters the body. It does this through the production of specialized blood cells (B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes) that communicate and coordinate their activities. The two main systems of the immune response are cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity. Cell-mediated immunity destroys pathogen-infected body cells (and cancer cells). Humoral immunity destroys free pathogens in the body fluids. The two systems are completely dependent on macrophages and helper T-cells to initiate their responses. Both systems need to be activated for an effective response to the invading pathogen. Each system leaves behind memory cells after each encounter that allows the body to recognize and destroy the same pathogen more quickly if it ever invades the body again. Purpose: The purpose of this activity is to study the steps of the immune response. Part I: Identifying the players. Directions: The following characters all play a role in the immune response. Use your class notes or textbook to record the role for each character in the table below. Player Pathogen Antigens Macrophage Role Helper T-cells Killer T-cells Plasma B-cells Memory B-cells Suppressor T-Cells Memory T-Cells Part II: The Primary Immune Response The primary immune is the series of actions that occur in the body when a new pathogen (never been seen before) invades. Both the cell-mediated and humoral responses are activated by macrophages and helper T-cells. Directions: Find the picture that matches the description for each step of the primary immune response. Lines separate pictures belonging to different steps. Cut and glue the picture next to its description. Label any required diagrams. 1. Virus evades nonspecific immune defenses and invades the body. 2. Macrophage recognizes foreign antigens on the virus and engulfs the virus by phagocytosis. (Label macrophage, antigens and virus) 3. Virus is digested by lysosomes inside the macrophage. Viral antigens are displayed on the surface of the macrophage. 4. Macrophage releases chemicals that attract helper T-cells. 5. Helper T-cells migrate to the macrophage. A helper T-cell receptor binds to the antigens displayed on the macrophage to “learn” the antigen. 6. The helper T-cell divides to produce: more helper T-cells (identical to itself), killer T-cells, Memory T-cells and suppressor T-cells 7a. Helper T-cells activate B-cells that produce complementary antibody to antigen. membrane 8. B-cells divide to produce plasma B-cells and Memory B-cells. 7b. Killer T-cells destroy body cells infected With virus by disrupting the cell 9. Plasma B-cells produce antibodies that bind to And Neutralize the antigens, disabling the virus. 10. Suppressor T-cells shut the response off when all free viruses and viral-infected cells have been destroyed. 11. Memory B-cells and Memory T-cells remain for future encounters with the same pathogen. Analysis: 1. What is the difference between cell-mediated and humoral immunity? 2. Which two cells are crucial to activating the cell-mediated and humoral responses? 3. List all the steps that are part of the humoral response. (Provide the number and letter for as many steps that apply.) 4. List all the steps that are part of the cell-mediated response. (Provide the number and letter for as many steps that apply.) 5. The HIV virus infects and impairs the helper T-cells of the immune system. Do you think a person with AIDS is able to generate an adequate cell-mediated and humoral response to new pathogens? Why or why not? 6. Why does an individual show symptoms of the pathogen during the primary response, but not the secondary response? 7. What is the relationship between the shape of the antibodies produced by the plasma B-cells and their corresponding antigens? Primary Response __________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________