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Transcript
DNA and the language of life Structure of DNA Building blocks are nucleotides 3 Parts of a nucleotide: 1. Deoxyribose sugar 2. Phosphate 3. Nitrogen base – – – – Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) The Double Helix • Discovered by Watson and Crick & Wilkins and Franklin • Deoxyribonucleic Acid • Alternating sugar-phosphate backbone • Base pairs are attached at the sugars • Hydrogen bond (weak) holds bases pairs to one another – A bonds with T – C bonds with G The Double Helix DNA Replication • Making exact copies of our DNA • Occurs in the nucleus of our cells • Semi- Conservative – Newly created DNA contains 1 original and 1 new strand – Each parent strand acts as a template to create a new complementary strand – Ensures identical copies DNA Replication • Begins at replication forks • Replicates in both directions • Dozens of enzymes are involved – DNA Helicase unwinds the helix – DNA Primase provides a starting point of DNA for DNA polymerase to begin synthesis of the new DNA strand. – DNA Polymerase adds new complementary nucleotides to create the new strand – DNA Ligase seals up any gaps or breaks in the newly created strands • In humans, DNA is copied at about 50 base pairs per second. The process would take a month (rather than the hour it actually does) without ENZYMES. • DNA polymerase makes very few errors, and most of those that are made are quickly corrected by DNA polymerase and other enzymes that "proofread" the nucleotides added into the new DNA strand. • With this system, a cell's DNA is copied with less than one mistake in a billion nucleotides. This is equal to a person copying 100 large (1000 page) dictionaries word for word, and symbol for symbol, with only one error for the whole process! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oNW_ykH3AvA • funny, more detail than necessary (The Office) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TNKWgcFPHqw