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Genetics is the study of heredity Inherited characteristics are called traits. 7/7/2017 1 Phenotype :What you look like Genotype:What genes you have combination of genes in an organism genotype usually determines the phenotype Genotype does not always 100% determine phenotype We can see this clearly in Identical twins who although they share ALL of their genes they do not always appear the same. 7/7/2017 2 A gene is a segment of DNA that is the code to make a protein Is starts at a start codon (code says start here!) and goes to a stop ( the same section that enzyme translated) Why did we spend so much work making that protein? Depending on what kind of protein that you make will change the trait that you have. *Trait Blue or brown eyes Tall or short How does this affect me? 7/7/2017 Your body is run, maintained, and defined by the proteins working in our cells 3 Dominant Represented by a capital letter and indicates that if this gene is present this trait will be exhibited Free hanging earlobes= F Recessive Represented by a lowercase letter and indicates that if both genes passed on this trait will be exhibited, but if a dominant gene is present then the recessive gene will not be exhibited. Attached earlobes are = f 7/7/2017 4 You have two genes for the same trait. One was given to you by your mother, and one was given to you by your father. The law of segregation states that gene pairs separate during gamete formation. So you only pass on either the gene from your mother, or father. 7/7/2017 5 Genes can exist in alternative forms These are called alleles. 7/7/2017 Tall or short alleles You can carry dominant, or recessive alleles, or one of each ( one from each parent) Or two of the same 6 Dominant Recessive For Peas Seed Seed Flower Flower shape color color position Pod color Pod Plant shape height green inflated tall constricted short Dominant trait round yellow purple axial (side) Recessive trait wrinkled green white (tips) terminal yellow Worked at a tutor, but really wanted to work do experiments. He joined a monastery, and was placed in charge of gardening where he spent the rest of his life raising food for the monks, but more important to Mendel was working with and studying pea plants, and their offspring. 7/7/2017 8 Homozygous Pure Heterozygous 7/7/2017 Hybrid 9 Why Peas? Dominant trait Seed shape Recessive trait 1. 1.Peas are easy to raise 2. 2.He noticed that there were a lot of pairs of contrasting traits. Tall short yellow green 3. Pea plants reproduce sexually 1. He could contol 2. Self pollination 3. Inbreeding to produce pure lines of traits 4. Can prevent self pollination 5. He could choose which plants bred Flower Pod position shape Pod Seed Flower color color color Plant height One trait at a time. Mendel used Punnett squares to show possibilities and predict ratios of offspring. 7/7/2017 Dominant traits are written with Capital letters, and recessive traits are with lowercase letters 11 Write down the problem. List the Genotype of the parents. Form the gametes. ( law of separation) Make a Punnett square List the genotype of the offspring List the phenotype of the offspring. 7/7/2017 12 1 read / or write down the problem Cross a herterozygous brown eyed dog with a with a hybrid brown eyed dog 2. This means Bb x Bb 3. B, b x B, b 4. 5. 6. 7/7/2017 25% BB or ¼ 50% Bb or ½ 25% bb ¼ #4 B b B BB Bb b Bb bb 75% or ¾ Brown 25% or ¼ yellow 13 So lets do a problem together Y= yellow seed color and y= green seed color Note that yellow seed color is dominant. Cross a pea plant that is Homozygous for yellow seed with a plant that is pure for green seeds. Cross a hybrid yellow see with a green seed 7/7/2017 14 P1 generation (P stands for “parent”) F1 generation (F stands for “filial”-son or daughter) This would be your parents This would be you F2 generation Your children Next we will work with two traits at once , and do a Punnett square. Do this problem (back of your last page.) The Six steps!!!. 1 read / or write down the problem B=Brown eyed b= blue eyed T= Tall t= short 7/7/2017 Cross a homozygous Tall, homozygous brown eyed man with a Homozygous short homozygous blue eyed woman 16 2. 3. B,B,T,t x B, b, T,t 4. 5. This means BBTT xbbtt 7/7/2017 bt bt bt bt BT BbTt BbTt BbTt BbTt BT BbTt BbTt BbTt BbTt BT BbTt BbTt BbTt BbTt BT BbTt BbTt BbTt BbTt BbTt= 100% 6. #4 Brown eyes Tall =100% 17 2. BB,TT x BbTt 3. BT, BT, BT, BT x BT, Bt, bT, bt #4 BT BT BT BT BT BBTT BBTT BBTT BBTT Bt BBTt BbTt BBTt BBTt bT BbTT BbTT BbTT BbTT bt BbTt BbTt BbTt BbTt 7/7/2017 . . 18 #4 BT . BT BBTT BT BBTT BT BBTT BT BBTT Bt bT BBTt BbTT BbTt BbTT BBTt BbTT BBTt BbTT bt BbTt BbTt BbTt 7/7/2017 Step 5 BBTT=4 =1/4 BBTt=4=1/4 BbTT=4=1/4 BbTt=4= 1/4 . BbTt Step 6 Brown eyed tall =16 or 100% 19 BT Bt bT bt BT BBTT BBTt BbTT BbTt Bt BBTt BBtt BbTt Bbtt bT BbTT BbTt bbTT bbTt bt BbTt Bbtt bbTt bbtt 9:3:3:1 ratio 9 Brown Tall 3 Brown short 3 blue tall 1 blue short • Incomplete dominance – The two genes that a person can carry can create three different phenotypic results – For instance on page 316 ( chapter 12.20 in your book there is an example of the snapdragon • When a snapdragon has – RR the flower color is red – WW the flower is white – RW, the flower is the third color Pink. 7/7/2017 22 When neither allele is completely dominant the letters R and R’ are used R’ is pronounced “R prime” R would be like R for red, and R’ would be for white. Remember in reality the letter just represents the gene we are talking about, and any letter can be used. R’ is how scientists identify that the gene is another Dominant gene for a trait. 7/7/2017 23 Co-dominance 7/7/2017 The two genes can carry can create three different phenotypic results For instance on page 317 ( chapter 12.20 in your book there is an example of the chickens…. 24 7/7/2017 25 Sex linked inheritance when a gene is found on the x chromosome Color Blindness Xr Y – Color blind man. Xr Xr – Color blind woman XRXr – Carrier XRXR – cannot have color blind children 7/7/2017 26 Some traits have multiple alleles possible for them Blood type is one such instance There are three different alleles for blood type A, B, and o A, and B are co-dominant o however is recessive to both So what combinations of genes can you have for blood type? What blood type do you have? 7/7/2017 27 Brown Blue grey green, and hazel all result from different combinations of genes. Brown typically is dominant to all of these, but as seen with hazel eyes brown can be present along with other colors. Polygenic trait 7/7/2017 28 Polygenic inheritance: means that more than one gene determines the trait expressed These genes can be on multiple chromosomes A good example of this is skin colors Additive 7/7/2017 29 7/7/2017 30 So what combinations of genes can you have for blood type? What blood type do you have? Who can you give blood to? Who can give you blood? 7/7/2017 31