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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Endocrine glands secrete chemical messages into the blood stream that affects distant specific target tissues Endocrine Glands are small in size (less than 1/10th and kg total) but big in maintaining homeostasis. HORMONES- chemical messengers released into the blood stream that direct activities in the body’s cells FUNCTIONS Reproduction Growth and development Body defense system Maintain electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance Regulate cellular metabolism 3 CLASSES OF HORMONES 1. Amino acid based- proteins, peptides, and amines 2. Steroids- built around a core of cholesterol (hydrophobic – does not dissolve in water)-sex hormones and adrenal hormones 3. Prostaglandins – fatty acid based- act locally at site of release How do hormones work? TARGET CELLS or TARGET ORGANS- hormones must attach to specific protein receptors (on the plasma membrane) When hormone binds it typically changes the cell in one of the following ways1. Changes plasma membrane permeability or electrical state 2. Synthesis of proteins or enzymes in the cell 3. Activate or deactivate enzymes in the cell 4. Stimulation of mitosis (cell division) STEROIDS- hydrophobic- so therefore fat soluble Page 281 STEP 1 diffuses through plasma membrane STEP 2 enters the nucleus STEP 3 binds to specific receptor proteins in nucleus STEP 4 binds to specific sites of DNA STEP 5 activates genes STEP 6 genes make new proteins NONSTEROIDAL HORMONES- not fat soluble Page 281STEP 1 binds to receptor on plasma memb STEP 2 sets off a series of reactions that activate enzyme STEP 3- produces a second messenger molecule STEP 4- produces cells predicted reaction to the hormone Types of endocrine glands HORMONAL- glands prodded into action due to hormones NEURAL- glands prodded into action due to neural stimulation HUMORAL- changing blood levels of certain ions (Ca+) for example prods the glands into action NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM •Negative feedback limits amount of hormone that is released Hypothalamus Set point Levels OK ? Blood •Yes? •No? Hypothalamus releases a "Releasing Hormone" Pituitary gland releases "Tropic hormone" Peripheral gland releases its hormone Structure and function of Endocrine glands PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS)- “Master endocrine gland”- located in the sella turcica of the skull consists of 2 functional areas ANTERIOR PITUITARY- secretes the 4 tropic hormones- activates other endocrine glands POSTERIOR PITUITARY- serves as a storage area for two hormones to be used when activated by the neurons of the hypothalamus ANTERIOR PITUITARY 1. Secretes 4 tropic hormones Receives hormones from hypothalamus called “regulating factors” Growth hormone (GH) TROPIC HORMONES 1. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) 2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 3. Gonadotropins 1. 2. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH) GROWTH HORMONE (increases amino acid transport into cells and increases protein synthesis, mitosis, and cartilaginous bone growth) Growth hormone acts on liver and bone (growth plates) Overproduction of (GH) will result in gigantism. Or if occurs after long bone formation has completed Acromegaly will occur Underproduction of (GH) will result in pituitary dwarfism Growth Hormone Thyroid stimulating hormone Controls production of metabolic regulatory hormones from thyroid gland Adrenocorticotropic hormone Controls adrenal cortex production of corticosteroid hormones Follicle Stimulating Hormone females – FSH promotes synthesis of estrogen and development and growth of follicles in ovaries to become oocyte(s) males – FSH promotes production of sperm in testes Luteinizing Hormone Luteinizing Hormone 1) females – promotes sex hormone production and release of oocyte from follicle 2) males – promotes sex hormone production Posterior lobe of pituitary Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH) -VASOPRESSIN- causes collecting ducts of nephron to re-absorb more water from urine. Underproduction leads to diabetes insipidus (dehydration) Oxytocin- Causes contraction of uterine smooth muscle (i.e. LABOR!!!) Release (post-partum) causes contraction of milk ducts in mammary Intermediate pituitary MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONEtargets the melanocytes in skin, hair, and eyes to make more melanin. More active in pregnant women. (common in animals which change fur color) Controlled by regulating hormones in hypothalamus Underproduction leads you susceptible to sunburns Pineal gland Produce the hormone melatonin- targets all cells. Effects- circadian rhythms, protect vs free radicals, inhibits reproductive functions THYROID GLAND Located ate the base of the throat just inferior to the Adam’s apple Two large lobes joined by an isthmus Produces- Thyroxine and Calcitonin Thyroxine- stimulates metabolismcontains iodine People with not enough iodine in their diet get GOITERS. Negative feedback loop tells thyroid to keep producing but lack of iodine makes the molecule nonfunctional Thyroid Goiter Thyroid Gland Hypothyroidism- Cretinism- “dwarfism” occurs in early childhood In adults results in MYXEDEMA- physical or mental sluggishness Thyroid Gland Hyperthyroidism- high metabolic rate, intolerance of heat, rapid heartbeat, nervous behavior GRAVE’s DISEASEthyroid enlarges and eyes bulge Thyroid gland CALCITONIN- decreases blood calcium levels by causing calcium to be deposited into bones Hyposecretion- lead to decalcification in elderly adults PARATHYROID GLAND PARATHYROID HORMONE- regulates calcium level in blood- when low it decalcifies bone to add to blood supply - If blood calcium levels fall too low then neurons become irritable and overactive. -Hyperparathyroidism- causes massive bone destruction- THYMUS THYMOSIN- programs certain lymphocytes Thymus stores “T cells” until they mature Adrenal Cortex Mineralcorticoids- regulate salt and potassium in the blood ALDOSTERONE- high levels in the blood reclaim sodium and allow potassium out in urine When sodium is absorbed then water will flow smoother Hyposecretion- ADDISON’S DISEASE- sodium and water are lost from the body- skin appears bronze and muscles become weak Hypersecretion- excessive water and sodium retainedpotassium severely lost- RENIN Enzyme produced by the kidneys that controls the release of ALDOSTERONE Adrenal Cortex CORTISONE- promote normal cell metabolism- resists long-term stressors Have antiinflammatory and pain inhibitors HypersecretionCUSHING’S SYNDROME- “buffalo hump” Adrenal Cortex ANDROGENS- male sex hormones hypersecretion- masculinization regardless of sex -ESTROGEN- female sex hormonesproduction of female characteristics ADRENAL MEDULLA EPINEPHRINE (ADRENALINE) AND NOREPINEPHRINEProlongs the effects of the sympathetic nervous system Hyposecretion- no major effects PANCREAS INSULIN- acts on all body cells and increases their ability to take glucose in through cell membrane Takes glucose out of blood Without insulin- glucose will be lost out urine along with excess water- dehydrationDIABETES MELLITUS Too much insulin- leads to hypoglycemia PANCREAS 3 COMMON SIGNS OF DIABETES 1. 2. 3. sugars excessive urination excessive thirst hunger due to inability to take in PANCREAS GLUCAGON- adds glucose to bloodstimulates liver to breakdown glycogen into glucose Hyposecretion / hypersecretion- no important disorders Somatostatin- GH-IH- targets other cells in the pancreas inhibits insulin and PANCREAS glucagon secretion Stimulated by protein-rich meal Pancreatic polypeptide- targets gall bladder- regulates gall bladder contraction Stimulated by protein-rich meal OVARIES ESTROGENS- stimulate secondary sex characteristics in women- ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE- prepares the uterus to receive a fertilized egg- Menstrual Cycle Prepares breasts for milk production Helps maintain pregnancy HYPOSECRETION- inhibits woman’s fertility menopause Hypersecretion- increased breast cancer and ovarian cancer TESTES ANDROGENS- male sex hormones TESTOSTERONE- causes male sex characteristics Production of sperm Hyposecretion- sterility PLACENTA HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPINstimulates the production of more estrogen and progesterone Home pregnancy tests test for Human chorionic gonadotropin PINEAL GLAND MELATONIN- “sleep trigger” establishes the day/night cycle Coordinates hormones of fertility KIDNEYS ERYTHROPOIETIN- targets the red bone marrow to make more red blood cells- Overproduction- too many RBC which will thicken the blood Underproduction- too few RBC- which leads to ANEMIA