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Introduction to Biochemistry
（生物化学）
Zhihong Li, PhD
Department of Biochemistry
Biochemistry
• Definition: The chemistry of life
– concerned with the chemical basis of life.
– concerned with the various molecules that occur
in living cells and organisms and with their
chemical reaction.
• Aim: to describe and explain, in molecular
terms, all chemical processes of living cells
– Structure-function
– Metabolism and Regulation
– How life began？
Biochemistry
• Significance: be essential to all life
sciences as the common knowledge
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Genetics; Cell biology; Molecular biology
Physiology and Immunology
Pharmacology and Pharmacy
Toxicology; Pathology; Microbiology
Zoology and Botany
Cells
• Basic building blocks of life.
• Smallest living unit of an organism.
• A cell may be an entire organism (unicellular
organism) or it may be one of billions of cells
that make up the organism (multicellular
organism).
• Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt and
respond to their environment.
Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
• Prokaryotes (Greek: pro-before;
karyon-nucleus)
– include various bacteria
– lack a nucleus or membrane-bound
structures called organelles
• Eukaryotes (Greek: eu-true;
karyon-nucleus)
– include most other cells (plants,
fungi, & animals)
– have a nucleus and membranebound organelles
Characteristic Bio-membranes and Organelles
•Plasma Membrane-Cell’s defining boundary
Providing a barrier and containing
transport and signaling systems.
•Nucleus – Cell’s information center
Double membrane surrounding the chromosomes and
the nucleolus. The place where almost all DNA
replication and RNA synthesis occur.
• Mitochondria- the power generators
Mitochondria (Greek: mitos-thread; chondros-granule):
Surrounded by a double membrane with a series of
folds called cristae. Functions in energy production
through metabolism.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) – The transport network for molecules
•Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
Covered with ribosomes (causing the "rough"
appearance) which are in the process of
synthesizing proteins for secretion or
localization in membranes.
•Ribosomes: responsible for protein
synthesis
•Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
A site for synthesis and metabolism of lipids.
•Golgi apparatus -process and package the
macromolecules.
A series of stacked membranes. Vesicles
move between the stacks while the proteins
are "processed" to a mature form.
•Lysosomes-contain digestive enzyme
A membrane bound organelle that is
responsible for degrading proteins and
membranes in the cell.
•Cytoplasm
enclosed by the plasma membrane, liquid
portion called cytosol and it houses the
membranous organelles.
Biomolecules
• Building blocks of cells.
• Animal and plant cells contain approximately
10,000 kinds of biomolecules.
– Water: constitutes 50-95% of cells contents by
weight.
– Ions: like Na+, K+ and Ca2+ may account for
another 1%.
– Organic compounds: compounds composed primarily
of a Carbon skeleton.
Types of biomolecules
• Small molecules:
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Lipid, phospholipid, glycolipid, sterol
Vitamin
Hormone, neurotransmitter
Carbohydrate, sugar
• Monomers:
– Amino acids
– Nucleotides
– Monosaccharides
• Polymers:
– Peptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides, proteins
– Nucleic acids, i.e. DNA, RNA
– Oligosaccharides, polysaccharides (including
cellulose)
Chemical composition of a normal man
(weight 65 kg)
Constituent
Percent (%)
Weight (kg)
Water
61.6
40
Protein
17.0
11
Lipid
13.8
9
Carbohydrate
1.5
1
Minerals
6.1
4
Structural hierarchy in the molecular organization of cells
Topics
1 Introduction , amino acid and protein (6h)
2
Nucleic acid (4h)
3
Carbohydrates (2h)
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5
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Vitamins (4h)
Enzymes (6h)
Metabolism of carbohydrates (8h)
Midterm assessment
Bioenergetics (4h)
Metabolism of lipids (6h)
10
Metabolism of amino acids (6h)
11 Integration of metabolism and review(2h)
Instructor
Zhihong Li
Zhihong Li
Zhihong Li
Zhihong Li
Zhihong Li
Yanlin Wang
Zicheng Li
Deqiao Sheng
Zicheng Li
Zicheng Li
Text book and references
• Satyanarayana U, Biochemistry.
• Murray RK, Harper’s Illustrated
Biochemistry, 26th ed.
• Nelson DL and Cox MM. Lehninger
Principles of Biochemistry, 5th ed.
Some tips for study of Biochemistry
• Inspiring interest, confidence
• Previewing and reviewing freshly
• Taking studying notes
• Discussing in groups
• Practice, crosstalk with other subjects
• Making use of internet
Final theory grade
• Final theory grade=
– Daily performance: 15%
– Midterm assessment: 30%
– Final exam: 55%
• Notice: 1/3 absent, can not take part
in the final exam.