Download Cytomegalovirus

In 1900, the German pathologist, Karl
Landsteiner, identified 2 of antigenic
proteins, which he called A and B
In 1940, Dr. Landsteiner discovered
another group of antigens. They were
named Rhesus factors (Rh factors) because
they were discovered during experiments
on Rhesus monkeys
The surface of red blood cells contain
several proteins that can be identified by
the body as antigens
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Transfusion reaction is a complication of blood
transfusion where there is an immune response
against the transfused blood cells or other
components of the transfusion
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Blood is classified according to the presence of these
antigens:
◦ Group A contains antigen A
◦ Group B contains antigen B
◦ Group AB contains both antigens
◦ Group O contains neither antigen
Blood plasma contains antibodies against the opposite
antigen:
A person with Type A blood has antibodies against the B
antigen
A person with Type B blood has antibodies against the A
antigen
A person with Type AB blood has no antibodies (Universal
Recipient)
A person with Type O blood has antibodies against the
A,B&AB antigens (Universal Donor)
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People with Rhesus factors in their blood are classified
as "Rh positive"

People without the factors are classified as "Rh
negative"

Rh negative persons form antibodies against the Rh
factor if they are exposed to Rh positive blood
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Conclusion:
◦ Blood transfusion between incompatible groups causes an
immune response against the cells carrying the antigen,
resulting in transfusion reaction
Antigens
enter the
body
Immune
system
release
antibodies
Transfusion reaction
occurred
Attach to
a specific
antigen and
Cause its
destruction
Fever
Chills
Rash
Flank pain or back pain
Bloody urine
Fainting or dizziness

Symptoms of transfusion reaction usually
appear:
during transfusion
immediately after the transfusion
may develop after several days (delayed reaction)
Discomfort
Anemia
Acute kidney failure
Shock
Lung dysfunction
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If symptoms occur during the transfusion:
Stop the infusion
Give reaction medications if ordered
Inform the doctor
Order Transfusion Reaction Workup with the
components:
 Transfusion reaction
 Direct coombs
 Urine analysis
Send blood bag, tubing and the collected
specimens to the blood bank
Fill blood transfusion reaction form
Documentation
1.
Antihistamines such as diphenhydramine to reduce
itching and rash
2.
Acetaminophen recommended to reduce fever and
discomfort
3.
Corticosteroids such as prednisone or
dexamethasone to reduce the immune response
4.
Intravenous fluids and various medications used to
treat/prevent kidney failure and shock
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Typing of donated blood into ABO and Rh groups
has reduced the risk of transfusion reaction:
Prior to a transfusion, blood is usually crossmatched to
further confirm that the blood is compatible
A small amount of donor blood is mixed with a small
amount of recipient blood and the mixture is examined
under a microscope for signs of antibody reaction
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Give Rhogam which is a sterile solution containing
IgG anti-D(RH1) for use in preventing Rh
immunization