Download Blood Typing

HEALTH SCIENCE
TECHNOLOGY
Ms. Sally Duke, R.N.
TYPE AND
CROSS MATCHING
Important vocabulary terms:
Agglutination: The clumping together
of blood cells in response to a specific
antibody
Antigen: Any substance that will
trigger an immune response by a host
organism
Antibodies: Compounds produced by
plasma cells that react with specific
antigens invading the body
Plasma: The fluid portion of blood that
contains proteins and salts, in which
the blood cells and platelets are
suspended
Proteins: Essential makeup of all living
things that are either made by the
body or assimilated from foods
Hemolysis: Destruction of the
membrane of red blood cells
Transfusion: The process of giving
blood from one individual to another
THE BASIC FUNCTION OF BLOOD
MUST BE UNDERSTOOD BEFORE
TYPE AND CROSS MATCHING CAN
BE ADDRESSED :
WHAT IS IT MADE OF?
WHY DO WE NEED IT?
WHAT IS IT’S FUNCTION?
HISTORY:
•In 1661 Marcello Malpighi
discovered that blood is
composed of large red cells that
had no nucleus
•200 years later Joseph Davaire
discovered that blood also had
large white cells that out numbered red cells by 650:1
HISTORY
 In 1901, Karl
Landsteiner reported
that blood had TYPES.
 By matching these
types one could achieve
success in blood
transfusions.
The first successful human trans fusion was accomplished in 1818 by
James Blundell
LANDSTEINER IDENTIFIED
FOUR BASIC BLOOD TYPES:
1.Type B: Has a B antigen on the
red cells
2.Type AB: Has both A and B
antigens on the red cells
3.Type O: No antigens on the red
cells
4.Type A: Has an A antigen
on the red blood cells
Note: Many more types can be
identified today but these
four groups are still the
dominate categories.
Blood Groups:
Population breakdown:
•46% is type O
•40% is type A
•10% is type B
•4% is type AB
These percentages may vary
within different ethnic groups.
There is another type of antigen
that needs to be considered-
The Rh Antigen:
•This antigen was first
discovered on the surface of red
blood cells of the Rhesus monkey
•When the Rh antigen is present,
a individual’s blood type is
designated as Rh + (positive).
•When the Rh antigen is absent,
an individual’s blood type is
designated as Rh –(negative).
•In humans it was found to be
present to on the surface of
erythrocytes (red blood cells)
•The four different blood types
are caused by the presence of
this “chemical marker”- an
antigen-on the surface of the
Type A and Type B red blood
cells
•When mixed with the wrong
blood type, antigens are picked
up by antibodies in a patient’s
system which causes the cells to
clump (agglutination)
•This data is why someone with
type AB blood can receive any
type blood and someone with
Type O blood is the universal
donor
Another important fact
about blood transfusions:
•Many minor antigens are not
routinely detected during “blood
typing”
•If allowed to go unrecognized, these
minor antigens can initiate a blood
transfusion reaction
•These minor antigens can be detected
through a process called “crossmatching.”
•Cross matching consists of incubating
the recipient’s serum with the donor’s
red blood cells in a saline solution. A
reagent , called “Coombs”, is then
added to test for incompatibility.
BLOOD:
•Although blood appears to be a
red liquid it is actually composed
of a yellowish liquid called
plasma and billions of cells.
•The vast majority of these cells
are red cells and these give blood
its red color.
BLOOD:
•Contains several types of
infection-fighting cells called
“WHITE” cells which help heal
wounds.
•Contains tiny cell fragments
called platelets which are
essential for clotting.
BLOOD:
• Carries oxygen and nutrients
to all parts of the body
• Carries carbon dioxide and
other waste products back to the
lungs, kidneys and liver for
disposal.
BLOOD:
•Is the only tissue that flows
throughout the body
• Is an essential part of the
immune system, crucial to fluid
and temperature balance
BLOOD:
•Acts as a “hydraulic fluid” for
certain functions and is a
“highway” for essential
hormonal messages
•The blood cell membrane
controls the flow of substances
into and out of the cell
BLOOD:
• It contains molecules called
antigens that are specific to the
cell and the person.
•The major cellular structures
are shown in this very simplified
drawing.
3D Image: Copyright Bristol Productions
Do You Know Your Blood Type?
• When attempting to determine
blood types both the ABO system
and the Rh types must be
considered.
• For example, if you have both
the A antigen and the Rh antigen
on your red cells, you are A+.
Example:
A+
B+
AB +
O+
Has none of these
A-
A (protein)
B-
B (protein)
AB -
O-
Rh (protein)
Why is it important that we
know about the different blood
types and Rh factor?
•If an individual with Rh –
(negative) blood receives a
transfusion of Rh + (positive)
blood, it cause the formation of
anti-Rh agglutination.
•Subsequent transfusions
may cause serious
transfusion reactions that
include agglutination and
hemolysis of cells.
A similar reaction takes place when--A pregnant women, who is Rh – (negative),
becomes sensitized by the blood of a fetus
she carries that has Rh + (positive) blood.
In subsequent pregnancies, if the fetus is
Rh +, Rh antibodies produced in maternal
blood may cross the placenta and destroy
fetal cells, causing erythroblastosis fetalis.
This is why these types
(and other less striking types)
must be properly
matched for a blood
transfusion to work.
NOW---- TURN TO YOUR WORK SHEET AND SEE IF YOU CAN APPLY
WHAT YOU HAVE JUST LEARNED
USING THE FOLLOWING FORMULA:
•IF YOU HAVE IT,
YOU CAN GET IT!!!!
•IF YOU DON’T HAVE IT,
YOU CAN’T GET IT!!!
BLOOD TYPE AND CROSSMATCH
WORKSHEET
DONOR
A+
AB+
BAB+
ABO+
O-
O+
O-
AB+
AB-
B+
B-
A+
A-
REMEMBER:
There is no substitute for blood. If
people lose blood from surgery,
disease or injury or if their bodies
cannot produce enough, there is
only one place to turn –
VOLUNTEER BLOOD
DONARS!
REMEMBER--DONATE BLOOD---
THE LIFE YOU SAVE MAY BE
SOMEONE YOU
KNOW AND LOVE!