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Transcript
Chapter 10 Successor to Muhammad In 632 Abu Bakr became the first Caliph. ▪ United all Arab tribes as Muslims. Once united the Muslims defeated the Persians. ▪ And Parts of the Byzantine empire. Issues arise. After Muhammad’s Death issues arose between Sunni and Shiite Muslims. Shiites Believe that Muhammad’s successors must be descendants of his son-in-law, Ali They should also be religious leaders and interpret the Quran. Sunnis Believe that male Muslims from Muhammad’s tribe can lead without performing religious functions. Today About 90% of Muslims are Sunni. Both groups believe in the same God, the Quran, and the five pillars of Islam. They differ in religious practices, laws, and rules about daily life. A third group the Sufis, meditate and fast to gain communion with God. Sunni Umayyad In the 700’s, a powerful clan set up the Sunni Umayyad caliphate. They directed conquest that extended the Muslim empire. ▪ From Spain to the Indus River Valley. The empire last until 750. They imposed a special tax on non-Muslims. ▪ But Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians could still worship. Sunni Umayyad Cont. Later they faced economic tensions and opposition from those that did not have same privileges as Muslims. After Capturing Damascus in 750. ▪ Strong support from Shiites and non-Arabs, Abu alAbbas founded the Abbasid dynasty. Abbasid Dynasty Ended conquest. Supported Education and learning. Enjoyed a golden age with a more efficient government . Capital was in Baghdad. Mosques with minarets graced the cities. Markets sold good from afar. Separate State In Spain the Umayyads established a separate state. Muslims ruled parts of Spain until 1492. Were tolerant of other religions, supported scholars, and constructed grand buildings. Empires Decline As the empire declined, independent dynasties took over. Seljuk Turks gained power and their sultan controlled Baghdad by 1055. ▪ Kept the Abbasid caliph as a figurehead. In 1216 the Mongols attacked across SW Asia. ▪ Burned Baghdad in 1258 ending the Abbasid dynasty.