* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Cellular Respiration
Biosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Basal metabolic rate wikipedia , lookup
Mitochondrion wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Specialized pro-resolving mediators wikipedia , lookup
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide wikipedia , lookup
Butyric acid wikipedia , lookup
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (H+-translocating) wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Adenosine triphosphate wikipedia , lookup
Electron transport chain wikipedia , lookup
Photosynthetic reaction centre wikipedia , lookup
Light-dependent reactions wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Microbial metabolism wikipedia , lookup
Oxidative phosphorylation wikipedia , lookup
Cellular Respiration Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration Cellular Respiration Living cells require Organisms use their main energy source as Cellular respiration is the process of Energy is released in the process of respiration when the cells of plants and animals Respiration The breakdown of organic molecules is Aerobic respiration consumes Anaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration but Fermentation is a Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration includes both but is often used to refer to Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are all consumed as fuel, it is helpful to trace cellular respiration with the : Redox Reactions The during chemical reactions This released energy is used to Chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants are called In oxidation, a substance , or is In reduction, a substance , or is In cellular respiration, the NAD+ In cellular respiration, glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps • As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an • Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD+) • NADH passes the electrons to the Electron Transport Chain Unlike an uncontrolled reaction, the electron transport chain passes electrons in a series of steps instead of one explosive reaction • O2 pulls electrons • The energy yielded is Stages of Cellular Respiration 1) Glycolysis - Anaerobic 2) Citric Acid Cycle - Aerobic 3) Oxidative phosphorylation - Aerobic Mitochondria 1) Glycolysis • 2) Citric Acid Cycle • 3) Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC) • QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Step 1: Glycolysis “Splitting of sugar” Breaks down glucose (C6H12O6) into Occurs in the NAD picks up H+ and electrons to form NADH2 Glycolysis Summary Location: Reactants Products • ** Simple Summary Summary total Bridge Reaction In the presence of O2, Before the citric acid cycle can begin, In the mitochondria matrix… 1) Pyruvic Acid loses a C to form 2) The lost carbon 3)Acetic acid binds with Step 2: The Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) Takes place within the There are , each catalyzed by a specific enzyme The acetyl group of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by combining with oxaloacetate The next seven steps Step 2: The Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) 2 molecules of CO2 are NAD+ and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide - another ion carrier) The NADH and FADH2 produced by the cycle relay electrons extracted from food The cycle generates Recall that two molecules of pyruvate are formed during glycolysis resulting in Kreb’s Cycle Summary Location: Reactants Products Kreb’s Summary Kreb's Summary 2 Step 3: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) • Takes place in the A series of molecules that excited electrons pass along, Most of the chain’s components are which exist in , Step 3: Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Following glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, NADH and FADH2 account for most of the energy extracted from food These two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via The carriers alternate as they accept and donate electrons Electrons They are finally passed to O2 ,forming NADH and FADH2 Dump the electrons and protons they’ve gathered throughout glycolysis and the citric acid cycle Again, • O2 + 2e- + 2H+ H2O Electrons are passed through a number of proteins The chain’s function is to break the large freeenergy drop from food to O2 into smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts Chemiosmosis Electron transfer in the ETC causes proteins to H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through channels in ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of H+ to drive This is an example of chemiosmosis, ETC Summary ETC ETC Summary Location: Reactants Product • • Simpler ETC Summary Best ETC Summary Whole Respiration Process Song I Found... Total Energy Total ATP from 1 molecule of glucose in Stage Glycolysis ATP + 4 Total (b/c 2 are used in the first step) CA Cycle ETC _________________ TOTAL During cellular respiration, most energy flows in this sequence: Glucose -> NADH -> electron transport chain -> proton-motive force -> ATP Fermentation Most cellular respiration requires Glycolysis can produce ATP , glycolysis couples with to produce ATP Fermentation uses instead of an electron transport chain to generate ATP 2 Types: • • Lactic Acid Fermentation In lactic acid fermentation, Lactic acid fermentation by some fungi and bacteria is used Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation Example: Burning feeling in muscles during a workout • From oxygen debt • • Lactate Alcohol Fermentation In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is • Bacteria and fungi (yeast) Alcohol fermentation by yeast is used in Fermentation Obligate anaerobes carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration and Yeast and many bacteria are facultative anaerobes, meaning that Review Role of Macromolecules Catabolic pathways funnel electrons from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration Glycolysis accepts a wide range of • Amino groups can feed Fats are digested to • Fatty acids are broken down by beta oxidation and yield An oxidized gram of produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of Regulation of Cell Respiration is the most common mechanism for control • If ATP concentration begins to , respiration • When there is ATP, respiration of Control of catabolism is based mainly on Review Questions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Define cellular respiration and state its importance as a life process. Differentiate between aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation. State and explain the chemical equation for cellular respiration. Define oxidation and reduction and explain the idea of redox reactions. Explain the use of NAD+ as a coenzyme. Explain the electron transport chain (ETC). Name the 3 major stages of cell respiration, along with their locations. Explain glycolysis, stating the reactants, products, and major activities. Explain the bridge reaction, stating the reactants, products, and major activities. Explain the Kreb’s cycle, stating the reactants, products, and major activities. Explain glycolysis, stating the reactants, products, and major activities. Explain the ETC, stating the reactants, products, and major activities. Explain the role of oxygen in the ETC. Define chemiosmosis and explain its role in cellular respiration. Differentiate between lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation. Differentiate between oblicate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes. Explain the role of macromolecules in cellular respiration. Explain how cell respiration is regulated.