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HIS 105 Chapter 5 Republican and Imperial Rome Rome One of the most successful empires in the world Began as a small city in central Italy Captured land surrounding the Mediterranean and N.W. Europe Had unified government, peace, and prosperity Owed much to its: Location Productive farmland Mineral deposits Good timber Mild climate Early History Around 2000 B.C.E. Indo-Europeans invaded Italy They brought with them: Technical skills An effective military Political skills A language that was the basis for Latin Another influence was Greek culture that spread from southern Italy and Sicily northward A third influence were the Etruscans in northern Italy whose culture dominated the area Economic trade practices Political techniques Religious ideas Alphabet Architecture Sculpture Language A group of villages near the mouth of the Tiber River were to become Rome This area, including the villages around the 7 Palatine Hills were called Latium 7 Palantine Hills After 600 B.C.E., these villages were made into one city-state and ruled by Etruscans The government was comprised of a King and his advisors, the Senate and Freemen There were 2 classes: Patricians ( the wealthy) and Plebeians (also called clients) Etruscan Territory Patrician & Plebeian 500 B.C.E. – Romans overthrew Etruscan king, Tarquinius, the Proud In his place were 2 patrician consuls who were elected annually The year 500 B.C.E. marked the beginning of the Roman Republic The Early Republic, 509 – 265 B.C.E. In order to survive, Rome asked the other cities of Latium for cooperation and formed the Latin League The League fought battles against the Etruscans ,the Samnites, the Gauls, and the Greeks The League was victorious and Rome took full control Rome became a world power because of: its military organization its enlightened treatment of those conquered its ability to establish and deepen the loyalty of its citizens Military Known as the Roman Legion Citizen army Showed flexibility and independence when necessary Roman Legion Treatment of those conquered Gave outright citizenship to many, especially in Latium Others in organized city-states got partial citizenship that gave them the right to trade and to marry Roman citizen Could not participate in politics Had to pay taxes Had military obligation Could govern themselves in most matters Allies People in conquered areas away from Rome Had local independence Had no control in foreign affairs Had financial and military obligations Thought they would eventually become full Roman citizens This treatment promoted allegiance and loyalty For first 200 years of the republic the patricians and the plebeians could not agree on how much say plebeians would have in the government Eventually the plebeians won the right to elect tribunes who had veto power over actions of the patricians Plebeians also established their own assembly – The Assembly of Tribes 450 B.C.E.- Twelve Tables were passed that codified Roman law 367 B.C.E. – Plebeians were allowed to become Consuls 265 B.C.E. – Rome was theoretically governed by the decisions of a total citizen body acting through assemblies; however, still dominated by wealthy Punic Wars The opponent : Carthage, a thriving commercial empire in North Africa Rome was drawn into war over Sicily Carthage tried to defend the Greek city-state Messina from another Greek city-state, Syracuse Rome intervened to keep Carthage from getting too close to their republic The result was the First Punic War Carthage First Punic War (264-241 B.C.E.) Struggle for Sicily 241 B.C.E., Rome was victorious and gained Sicily Rome got a large monetary payment for war expenses from Carthage After First Punic War, Carthage tried to reassert itself by conquering Spain which led to Second Punic War Second Punic War (218-201 B.C.E.) Romans faced Hannibal who brought his troops into Italy by going through the Alps Romans did not expect this Romans fought against Hannibal for 15 years When Hannibal called back to Carthage, Rome won Hannibal Treaty ending the Second Punic War Spain went to Rome Carthaginian navy was destroyed Carthage paid a stiff fine over the next 50 years Carthage had to agree to never wage war outside of Africa unless Rome gave its permission Third Punic War (146 B.C.E.) Rome vs. Carthage Rome won To avoid another confrontation: Rome enslaved or killed every inhabitant of Carthage Rome destroyed the city Rome threw salt on the ground so that the city would never rise again Ruins of Carthage Meanwhile… 200 B.C.E., Ptolemy’s Egypt was weakening, and Philip V of Macedon and Antiochus III of the Selucid Empire tried to seize the territory Egypt asked Rome for help and got it Rome defeated Philip V in 200 B.C.E. and Antiochus III in 189 B.C.E. Rome left these 2 areas with their freedom until fighting broke out again Then Rome took control As Rome’s territory increased, so did its power The farther away from Italy Rome got, the more brutal its treatment of conquered people became Other problems: Big gaps between rich and poor Farmers and others were in great debt Aristocrats began buying up more and more farmland Class conflicts increased Former independent farmers had to work as tenants on someone else’s farm or move to the city for work Cities became overcrowded and lacked jobs for all Slaves took jobs away from citizens More Problems Economic problems led to civil and political unrest Aristocrats were no longer helping lower classes Crisis Two brothers tried to change the situation for the better Tiberius Gracchus 133 B.C.E. – Tribune for plebeians Wanted to limit size of aristocratic estates and re-distribute land to the poor Not well-received by aristocrats When put before the tribal assembly, it was vetoed by another tribune He presented it again, and it was vetoed again Tiberius Gracchus And again Tiberius, with support of the people, had the “vetoing” tribune removed from office, violating the constitution Tiberius tried to get his ideas accepted again The Senate opposed him and had him assassinated Gaius Gracchus Proposed establishing new colonies for the poor, landless veterans He had support of people and other tribunes He also wished to give Roman citizenship to more Italian people This one lost him the support of the people The Senate had him put to death Gaius Gracchus Gaius Marius 107 B.C.E. rose to help the people Successful army general Became Consul several times Used paid volunteers fro lower classes for his army Gave them supplies and a career In return, they were loyal to him Promised soldiers land when they left army Gaius Marius Sulla, another general, opposed the plan of Marius With help of Senate, Sulla drove Marius out Fighting continued in Rome from without and from within Sulla 77 B.C.E. Pompey, another general, became prominent Conquered territory for Rome, so Senate gave him special powers Pompey joined with Julius Caesar to form a new government with power above the Senate Caesar followed his own plan Pompey Julius Caesar Caesar Continued to take territory then brought troops to Rome and took over government for himself Civil war followed bringing an end to the Republic Caesar’s government Had a Senate full of his supporters Brought in people from the provinces to take part in politics Declared himself Dictator for 10 years and then for life Instituted reforms – example: he created a new calendar Conservative members of Senate feared he would be a monarch, so had him killed in 44 B.C.E. His death was followed by 13 years of civil war His nephew, Octavian, defended Caesar Ides of March Octavian/ Caesar Augustus Octavian took the name of Caesar and defeated his opponents His victories made him the absolute ruler of Rome and its Empire He created an empire and was its first emperor – Augustus Caesar Basic Roman Outlook Shaped by 4 things: Family life Agriculture Warfare Religion Made Romans sensible, unemotional, hardworking, disciplined, and practical people Octavian / Augustus Caesar Contributed a new system of governing Octavian manipulated his rise to power Knew Roman problems could be solved if power was in the hands of one man – his 31 B.C.E., he had himself elected consul annually 27 B.C.E., he gave all his power back to the Senate Senate feared civil war and begged him to stay Senate then gave him even more power Made him tribune for life Named him consul Named him proconsul over all the provinces Gave him command of all the armies Added an imperium (authority higher than any other) Lavished him with honors: first senator, called him augustus, “revered one”, imperator, “victorious general”, & princep His actions: Redefined rigid class divisions Tried to improve morale & patriotism by Restoring old Roman religion Patronized writers like Vergil Passed laws to curb vices Beautified Rome Provided public services Set up a professional military with careful training, regular pay, and a pension in money, not land Built roads, supply depots, and military posts Tried to improve provincial governance Set up sound fiscal system Set up system for succession All emperors set up an imperial bureaucracy: Unified law Gave citizenship to many Had humanitarian projects Had sound fiscal system Renewed patriotism Felt good government was vital for a civilized life Trajan added final areas to empire: Dracia, Armenia, and Mesopotamia Palestinian Jews revolted against Rome 115 – 117 and 132 – 135; Jews didn’t wish to follow Roman religion; put down the Emperor Hadrian; First 2 centuries of empire were fairly prosperous; they had good government, agriculture, trade, and building activities Trajan Palestine Taken by Pompey in 63 B.C.E. Jews of Palestine would not be forced to follow Roman religion; they were monotheistic Palestine first governed by Herod, a Roman puppet ruler Jews were allowed to maintain their faith They didn’t have to sacrifice to Roman gods Jesus of Nazareth Born around 6 or 4 B.C.E. Was given the name Joshua ben Joseph Followers saw him as the Messiah or the Christ Preached peace and love in the Jewish tradition Some saw his teachings as blasphemy Didn’t like his claim that he was “King of the Jews” Pontius Pilate, Roman Procurator, thought Jesus was a threat and sentenced him to death by crucifixion He died, but followers said he arose 3 days later proving that he was the Messiah Followers called themselves Christians led by Peter Paul of Tarsus was a convert who said Christianity was separate from Judaism and wrote letters to churches being established Some Roman Christians faced persecution and death under certain emperors like Nero and Diocletian Nero & Diocletian By the 4th century C.E. 10% of the Roman Empire was Christian The religion became more formalized Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Signs of decay were apparent after 180 C.E. in the economy and in politics Internal Stresses: Size of the empire – needed more and more soldiers to guard borders, plus more supplies Economic stresses – decline in agricultural output, trade, and industry Social problems Military rule Aristocrats forced from politics High taxes Concentrated on keeping military happy, not the general populace Civil wars over succession Frontier defenses neglected Invasions from outsiders Lives and property destroyed Upper classes became pleasure-seeking Cultural life decayed Christianity grew Interest in mystery religions grew Life was uncertain Everyday survival became difficult Many farmers looked to landowners for protection. This foreshadowed manorialism where estates made everything needed. Cities were abandoned Diocletian Undistinguished birth Rose to lead the empire through the army Redesigned how the empire would be ruled; tried to solve the problems of succession Worked to remove the military from politics Created a mobile cavalry Wanted total loyalty from the people; that meant emperor worship Christians refused Diocletian viciously persecuted them Diocletian stepped down in 305 C.E. His plan for a smooth succession failed and civil war followed Constantine Claimed the throne in 306 C.E. using military force Won control of entire empire in 324 C.E. Reigned until 337 C.E. Continued some of Diocletian’s policies that would strengthen the empire He added a new religious policy in 313 C.E. called The Edict of Milan Granted religious toleration to the empire Ended the persecution of Christians Gave Christians legal recognition Constantine converted to Christianity but wasn’t baptized until he was dying. Constantine promoted Christian causes and his legislation reflected Christian influences He did little to encourage other religions He changed the capital from Rome to Byzantium (Turkey), later called Constantinople Wished to be free from restrictive traditions of paganism in Rome Rome remained center of Christianity and number of Christians grew to 30 million The reigns of Diocletian and Constantine brought some stability to the Roman Empire and this stability lasted through the reign of Theodosius (r. 379-395) Old problems reappeared after 395C.E. No true economic recovery There was a decline in public spirit Quality of government deteriorated Successful German Barbarian invasions The fall of Rome occurred in some parts of the empire and not in others The West eventually collapsed The remaining eastern part of the empire became known as Byzantium Rome did live on through the passing on of its culture that is still apparent today