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Chapter 10 Mendel And Meiosis Chapter 10 – review notes Monohybrid- cross involving one trait Dihybrid – cross involving two traits Crossing Over- Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes Crossing over results in greater genetic recombination Alleles – alternate forms of genes Punnett Square – used to predict the possible offspring of crosses between different genotypes. Gametes – produced by each parent and shown along the sides of the punnett square Heredity – passing on of traits from parents to offspring Law of independent assortment – inheritance of alleles do not affect different traits as long as the genes for the traits are on separate chromosomes In meiosis, law of independent assortment, the way in which a chromosome pair separates does not affect the way other pairs separate. Fertilization – uniting of the male and female gametes Pollination – The transfer of male pollen grains to the female organ Homozygous – Alleles present for a trait are the same (BB; bb) Heterozygous – Alleles present for a trait are different (Bb) Recessive- Gene trait that can be masked by a dominant trait Recessive – represented a (lower case) letter Dominant – Gene that can mask the corresponding allele. ( Capital letter) Meiosis Process that makes haploid cells produces gametes (sex cells) reduction division. It reduces the number of chromosomes by ½. Reduces one diploid cell (2n) into four haploid cells (n) Males – spermatogenesis Females - Oogenesis Meiosis Enables each parent to contribute genes to the offspring Haploid or (n) – cell that contains only one member of each chromosome pair. Egg - gamete that contains genes contributed only by the mother Sperm – gamete that contains genes contributed only by the father Disjunction will occur / crossing over / replication occurs only once/ chromosomes will separate twice Ensures variation from generation to generation MEIOSIS One Diploid cell to 4 Haploid cells Human diploid (46) Two stages (Meiosis I & Meiosis II)