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Answers for Greece MCAS packet 1. How did Athens geographical location contribute to their role in maritime trade, their colonies in the Mediterranean, and the expansion of their cultural influence? Maritime trade Most places in Greece are less than 100 miles from the ocean. The mountainous landscape made travel over land difficult. Long coastlines and many cities built around harbors encouraged a seafaring culture. Mediterranean , Ionian and Aegean seas surround Greece Colonies in the Mediterranean Because Greece did not have sufficient farmland colonies were set up in Anatolia (modern turkey). These colonies produced food for mainland Greece. Expansion of cultural influence Because of trade Greek cultural influence expanded throughout the Mediterranean. The writing system and Greek ways of thinking spread to North Africa, eastern Mediterranean, modern day Italy and along the coastline of the entire Mediterranean. Greek culture was envied by other cultures. 2.- Explain why the government of ancient Athens is considered the beginning of democracy? First democracy Direct democracy, democracy is a government in which the citizens make political decisions Citizenship Athens invented the idea of citizenship-a person who is loyal to the government and is entitled to protection by that government. Direct democracy All citizens meet to decide on laws. Athens had 2 governing bodies Council of 400-took care of day to day issues. The Assembly voted on policies proposed by the council. Our government is a variant of the democracy created in Athens. 3.-Sparta and Athens Compare and Contrast Sparta Both Values due to many slave revolts Sparta was a city-state that focused everything on building a strong army Geogra phy Positioned away from the sea Located on the Peloponnesus part monarchy 2 kings part democracy-5 elected Supervisors ran the government part oligarchyCouncil of Elders Govern ment Athens they believed strongly in the autonomy of their city-state both in Greece! same language same religion Focus was on learning and understan ding the world. Knowledg e for knowledge sake was valued Built adjacent to a harbor located on mainland Greece both had the beginnings of a democratic process Athens-their direct democracy and Sparta with their 5 elected supervisors demonstrated a responsibility for their citizens Council of 400 took care of day to day problems The Assembly voted on policies proposed by the council citizens were required to serve in the army when needed and to Econom y used iron bars for money economy based on farming took food from the helots non-citizens could not take part in government had slaves Educati on The goal Spartan education was to have a strong army education stressed discipline, duty, strength, and military skill boys learned to read just both viewed education as a way of improving their citizens. each city-state taught what they thought to be most important serve on juries as well. Several hundred people would serve on the same juryAthens did not have lawyers. had coins for money economy based on trade traded for more food exported honey, olive oil, and pottery the goal of an Athenian education was to produce good “citizens”. education stressed logic, public speaking, reading, writing, reading and physical poetry, math skills were taught by and music. both-the emphasis enough to get by. Women Women were expected to be tough emotionally and physically Due to the military state husbands and wives spent much time apart. Family life was not as important. Wives had freedom and were allowed to own property Their education was focused on making the females strong. was different for each city-state women seemed to play a secondary role to the men. women were not educated on par with the men athletics were included to help develop strong bodies Slaves helots, cruelly treated by the Spartans. helots were required to both had slaves Women were expected to run the home and the family Women were required to have a male family member with them whenever they were outside the house. Women had little freedom and could not inherit or own property education focused on the skills required to manage a home Made up one third of the population Worked in give half of all their crops to the Spartans homes, farming, industry and mines 4.-Describe the social classes in ancient Athens. Include information on the role of women and slaves. citizens All males born in Athens of Athenian parents women Could not be citizens. Women mostly took care of the home and family. Females could not go to school and were able to inherit property only if their fathers had no sons. slaves Acquired when captured in war, born as a slave, or sold into slavery. Slaves worked in all areas of Athenian society. Some were able to purchase their own freedom. One third of the population of Athens were slaves noncitizen free person Some Greeks resided in Athens and were not Athenian citizens. 5. - What are the causes course and consequences of the Persian War? Causes ~Greece had colonies in Anatolia (modern day Turkey) ~These colonies were prosperous and supplied mainland Greece with needed food. ~The Persian empire was adjacent to the Greek colonies ~At that time the Persian empire was the largest empire to ever exist. ~It is thought by many that Persia wanted to expand their empire Course Ionian revolt(some may consider a cause) Persia took control of the Greek colonies in Anatolia in 549 BC. By 499 BC the Greeks in Anatolia requested help from mainland Greece. mainland Greece sent troops to assist the Greeks in Anatolia. The authority of the Persians was overthrown. Darius retaliated by sending troops to destroy Miletus and enslaved the surviving people. With the Persian victory Darius boldly sent ambassadors to Greece requesting water and soil as symbols of Greeks’ acceptance of Persian rule. The Greeks responded by killing the ambassadors from Persia. Battle of Marathon In 490 BC King Darius sent an army across the Aegean Sea. The army assembled on the plain of Marathon. Miltiades led the Greeks. Miltiades surrounded the Persian fighters and the Persians lost this battle. Battle of Thermopylae Xerxes marched his troops from the Hellespont south. Xerxes conquered each area. The Greeks chose to make a stand at Thermopylae. The Greeks hoped to stop the Persians at this narrow pass. The Greeks successfully held off the Persians. But a Greek traitor showed the Persians a path through the mountain. This allowed the Persians to attack the Greeks from the front and the rear. Leonidas and his band of 300 soldiers delayed the advance of the Persian army. Battle of Salamis With the Greek defeat at Thermopylae and subsequent sacking of Athens, an Athenian naval leader, Themistocles, felt he could defeat the Persians on water. The Greeks wanted to take advantage of their vast knowledge of the waters off the coast of Greece. The Greeks chose a place, Salamis. Themistocles acted as if he were going to surrender. When the Persian ships navigated close enough to accept the surrender, the Greek attacked. The Greeks conquered the Persians due to their superior fighting skills on water. Battle of Plataea Xerxes retreated after his defeat at Salamis. However he left his army in Greece with orders to attack. This decisive battle took at Plataea. The Greeks defeated the Persians, thus ending the Persian wars. Consequences ~ The Greeks realized that when they united they could defeat a common enemy. ~Because of this knowledge the Greeks formed the Delian League, a group of city-states that pledged mutual support for each other. ~The Greeks halted the Persian advance into Europe. 6. - Tell about the causes, course, and consequences of the Peloponnesian war. Causes Some city-states feared Athens because of its grab for power and prestige. Athens was perceived to be dominating the Delian League Athens grew to be a naval powerhouse Athenian settlers began to move into the lands of other citystates. Course Athens and their allies -Athens had a better navy. -Athens's strategy was to avoid battles on land and rely on its sea power. -Athens’s leader, Pericles, persuaded his people to seek shelter behind the city wall of Athens. Food was obtained through the port of Athens. With too many people behind the city wall a plague broke out. -Athens finally surrendered to Sparta. Sparta and their allies -Sparta had a better land based military force. -Sparta strategy was to cut off the Athenian food supply by destroying crops. -Sparta surrounded Athens in an attempt to force surrender. Consequences The Peloponnesian War lasted for 27 years. All Greek city-states suffered economically and militarily. However Sparta and Athens were considerably weakened by this war. The weakness of the city-states made them a target for takeover. Greece is now vulnerable for an invasion. 7. - Describe the rise of Alexander the Great, the vastness of his empire, and the spread of Greek culture. Alexander the Great son of Macedonian King Philip. tutored by Aristotle. groomed to take over for his father. His father had plans of expanding the Macedonian empire created the Alexander took advantage of the weakened Greek citylargest states. With any Greek resistance he easily put down empire to that the rebellion time Influenced by his fathers plans Alexander began to spread his empire. he used a policy of terror or kindness. terror if the people resisted. Kindness to those peoples who surrendered. Eventually the empire extended through Greece and Macedonia, into Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, the Sinai peninsula and south into Egypt. Also other areas in modern Libya. Then Alexander extended his empire east to modern day India. This expansion included Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. For the time this was the largest empire known. spread of Greek culture as Alexander conquered, he established cities based on Greek culture. When an area was conquered Alexander left Greeks behind to maintain order in the conquered location. Alexander encouraged the blending of cultures. In Egypt Alexander worshipped Egyptian gods. In Persia Alexander encouraged his armies to adopt Persian culture. This blending of the Greek, Persian, Egyptian and Indian cultures became known as Hellenistic culture. Alexander is credited with spread of these cultures. Learning and new ideas grew from this policy. After years of fighting Alexander’s soldiers wanted to return home. One the way back to Macedonia Alexander died in Babylon. At this time his empire was divided among three of his generals. 8. - Give 5 examples of Greek gods and goddesses, heroes, and events and where and how we see their names used today. Greek god, goddess, hero How their names are used today Achilles heal someone’s weak spot Trojan horse Something that appears harmless at first glance but has the potential for much damage. Odyssey long arduous journey, or a task riddled with many complications Nike was the winged goddess of victory, but now refers to a brand of athletic shoes titan huge or powerful person marathon long foot race herculean very strong/very difficult Pandora’s box introducing yourself to trouble gorgon severely ugly woman 9. - Why did the city-states of Greece institute a tradition of athletic competitions? What kinds of sports were featured? Why The Olympics were held every 4 years to honor Zeus. They took place in Olympia and only men participated in the Olympics. Sports The “sports” were skills that would be valuable to soldiers. The events included: foot race, wrestling, the long jump, javelin throw, and the discus throw. 10. - Explain the development of the first complete alphabet with symbols for consonants and vowels. The developing of an alphabet took many hundreds of years. The first attempts at written language had symbols to stand for words. Mesopotamian cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyphs are examples. Phoenicians Over time the Phoenicians adapted this idea by including a symbol to represent a sound. This is called a sound symbol relationship. Because the Phoenicians were great traders this system spread throughout the Mediterranean. Greeks The Greeks used the Phoenician alphabet as a basis for their alphabet with the insertion of vowels. The Latin and Greek alphabets are similar and are the basis for language today. 11. - Famous Ancient Greeks-Graphic Organizer Complete this chart as we work on our Greek unit. Famous Ancient Greek Famous for what? Main Ideas Alexander the establishing a Great large empire -spread Greek culture to all conquered areas. Thales considered the father of science science studied everything from philosophy to mathematics attempted to explain natural phenomena with rational explanations Pythagoras mathematician a + b =c 2 2 2 -discovered the Pythagorean theorem. started a secret organization that shared knowledge, but the knowledge had to be kept secret. Euclid Hippocrates famous for his work in geometry considered to be the father of geometry medicine father of medicine wrote geometry books that are still used today. Hippocratic oath, taken by doctors today- to do no harm Socrates questioning everything First great philosopher, never wrote anything down, sentenced to death for corrupting the youth of Athens Plato student of Socrates Student of Socrates student of Plato Student of Plato Aristotle Continued on in the tradition of Socrates. Attempted to keep the ideas of Socrates alive. Tutored Alexander the Great, believed the Greeks had a superior culture Herodotus historian said to be the father of history, he wrote everything down, he traveled extensively, more tabloid like in his approach to recording history He wrote about the Persian Wars Thucydides historian Considered to be the father of “scientific history”. He had strict standards for evidence gathering and analysis. He did not include interventions by gods in his accounts. Said to be a more professional historian. he created balanced accounts of events using multiple sources to create his work. His most famous work was about the Peloponnesian War. Homer epic poetry Aeschylus playwright credited with writing the Iliad and the Odyssey was a wandering bard or poet. wrote tragedies father of tragedy Sophocles playwright wrote tragedies won the most awards for his plays Aristophanes playwright wrote comedies that made fun of prominent Athenians. he wrote a play making fun of Socrates. Euripides playwright wrote tragedies known for portraying strong female characters 12.-What were the purpose and or function of the following structures? Lyceum Athenian school founded by Aristotle in 335 BC. now used to mean a school Gymna sium The gymnasium in ancient Greece functioned as a training facility for competitors in public games. It was also a place for socializing and engaging in intellectual pursuits. Library of Alexand ria * The Royal Library of Alexandria, or Ancient Library of Alexandria, in Alexandria, Egypt, seems to have been the largest and most significant great library of the ancient world. It flourished under the patronage of the Ptolemaic dynasty and functioned as a major center of scholarship from its construction in the 3rd century BC until the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. The The Parthenon is a temple in the Athenian Acropolis, Greece, Parthen dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of on Athens considered their protector. The The Acropolis of Athens is the best known acropolis in the Acropoli world. Although there are many other acropoleis in Greece, s the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is commonly known as The Acropolis without qualification. The Acropolis is a flat-topped rock that rises above sea level in the city of Athens. Temple Delphi was the site of the Delphic oracle, the most important of oracle in the classical Greek world, and a major site for the Apollo worship of the god Apollo. An oracle is a place where the Greeks believed they could communicate with the gods.