Download Answers for Greece MCAS packet

Answers for Greece MCAS packet
1. How did Athens geographical location contribute to their role in
maritime trade, their colonies in the Mediterranean, and the
expansion of their cultural influence?
Maritime trade
Most places in Greece are less than 100 miles from
the ocean. The mountainous landscape made travel
over land difficult. Long coastlines and many cities
built around harbors encouraged a seafaring culture.
Mediterranean , Ionian and Aegean seas surround
Greece
Colonies in the
Mediterranean
Because Greece did not have sufficient farmland
colonies were set up in Anatolia (modern turkey).
These colonies produced food for mainland Greece.
Expansion of
cultural
influence
Because of trade Greek cultural influence expanded
throughout the Mediterranean. The writing system
and Greek ways of thinking spread to North Africa,
eastern Mediterranean, modern day Italy and along
the coastline of the entire Mediterranean. Greek
culture was envied by other cultures.
2.- Explain why the government of ancient Athens is considered the
beginning of democracy?
First
democracy
Direct democracy, democracy is a government in which
the citizens make political decisions
Citizenship
Athens invented the idea of citizenship-a person who is
loyal to the government and is entitled to protection by
that government.
Direct
democracy
All citizens meet to decide on laws. Athens had 2
governing bodies Council of 400-took care of day to day
issues. The Assembly voted on policies proposed by the
council.
Our government is a variant of the democracy created in Athens.
3.-Sparta and Athens Compare and Contrast
Sparta
Both
Values

due to many
slave revolts
Sparta was a
city-state that
focused
everything on
building a
strong army
Geogra
phy

Positioned
away from the
sea
Located on the
Peloponnesus

part monarchy
2 kings
part
democracy-5
elected
Supervisors
ran the
government
part oligarchyCouncil of
Elders


Govern
ment



Athens
they believed
strongly in the
autonomy of their
city-state


both in
Greece!
same language
same religion

Focus was
on
learning
and
understan
ding the
world.
Knowledg
e for
knowledge
sake was
valued

Built
adjacent
to a
harbor
located on
mainland
Greece


both had the
beginnings of a
democratic
process
Athens-their
direct
democracy and
Sparta with
their 5 elected
supervisors
demonstrated
a responsibility
for their
citizens



Council of
400 took
care of
day to day
problems
The
Assembly
voted on
policies
proposed
by the
council
citizens
were
required
to serve in
the army
when
needed
and to

Econom
y



used iron bars
for money
economy
based on
farming
took food from
the helots


non-citizens
could not take
part in
government
had slaves




Educati
on



The goal
Spartan
education was
to have a
strong army
education
stressed
discipline,
duty, strength,
and military
skill
boys learned
to read just
both viewed
education as a way
of improving their
citizens.
each city-state
taught what they
thought to be most
important
serve on
juries as
well.
Several
hundred
people
would
serve on
the same
juryAthens did
not have
lawyers.
had coins
for money
economy
based on
trade
traded for
more food
exported
honey,
olive oil,
and
pottery
the goal of an
Athenian
education was to
produce good
“citizens”.
education
stressed logic,
public speaking,
reading, writing,
reading and physical poetry, math
skills were taught by and music.
both-the emphasis
enough to get
by.
Women




Women were
expected to be
tough
emotionally
and physically
Due to the
military state
husbands and
wives spent
much time
apart. Family
life was not as
important.
Wives had
freedom and
were allowed
to own
property
Their education
was focused on
making the
females
strong.
was different for
each city-state


women
seemed to play
a secondary
role to the
men.
women were
not educated
on par with the
men
athletics were
included to help
develop strong
bodies




Slaves


helots, cruelly
treated by the
Spartans.
helots were
required to
both had slaves


Women
were
expected
to run the
home and
the family
Women
were
required
to have a
male
family
member
with them
whenever
they were
outside
the house.
Women
had little
freedom
and could
not inherit
or own
property
education
focused on
the skills
required
to manage
a home
Made up
one third
of the
population
Worked in
give half of all
their crops to
the Spartans
homes,
farming,
industry
and mines
4.-Describe the social classes in ancient Athens. Include information
on the role of women and slaves.
citizens
All males born in Athens of Athenian parents
women
Could not be citizens. Women mostly took care of the
home and family. Females could not go to school and
were able to inherit property only if their fathers had no
sons.
slaves
Acquired when captured in war, born as a slave, or sold
into slavery. Slaves worked in all areas of Athenian
society. Some were able to purchase their own freedom.
One third of the population of Athens were slaves
noncitizen
free
person
Some Greeks resided in Athens and were not Athenian
citizens.
5. - What are the causes course and consequences of the Persian War?
Causes
~Greece had colonies in Anatolia (modern day Turkey)
~These colonies were prosperous and supplied mainland Greece with
needed food.
~The Persian empire was adjacent to the Greek colonies
~At that time the Persian empire was the largest empire to ever exist.
~It is thought by many that Persia wanted to expand their empire
Course
Ionian revolt(some may
consider a
cause)



Persia took control of the Greek colonies in
Anatolia in 549 BC.
By 499 BC the Greeks in Anatolia requested
help from mainland Greece.
mainland Greece sent troops to assist the
Greeks in Anatolia. The authority of the
Persians was overthrown.

Darius retaliated by sending troops to destroy
Miletus and enslaved the surviving people.
With the Persian victory Darius boldly sent
ambassadors to Greece requesting water and soil as
symbols of Greeks’ acceptance of Persian rule. The
Greeks responded by killing the ambassadors from
Persia.
Battle of
Marathon
In 490 BC King Darius sent an army across the
Aegean Sea. The army assembled on the plain of
Marathon. Miltiades led the Greeks. Miltiades
surrounded the Persian fighters and the Persians lost
this battle.
Battle of
Thermopylae
Xerxes marched his troops from the Hellespont
south. Xerxes conquered each area. The Greeks
chose to make a stand at Thermopylae. The Greeks
hoped to stop the Persians at this narrow pass. The
Greeks successfully held off the Persians. But a
Greek traitor showed the Persians a path through
the mountain. This allowed the Persians to attack
the Greeks from the front and the rear. Leonidas
and his band of 300 soldiers delayed the advance of
the Persian army.
Battle of
Salamis
With the Greek defeat at Thermopylae and
subsequent sacking of Athens, an Athenian naval
leader, Themistocles, felt he could defeat the
Persians on water. The Greeks wanted to take
advantage of their vast knowledge of the waters off
the coast of Greece. The Greeks chose a place,
Salamis. Themistocles acted as if he were going to
surrender. When the Persian ships navigated close
enough to accept the surrender, the Greek attacked.
The Greeks conquered the Persians due to their
superior fighting skills on water.
Battle of Plataea Xerxes retreated after his defeat at Salamis.
However he left his army in Greece with orders to
attack. This decisive battle took at Plataea. The
Greeks defeated the Persians, thus ending the
Persian wars.
Consequences
~ The Greeks realized that when they united they could defeat a
common enemy.
~Because of this knowledge the Greeks formed the Delian League, a
group of city-states that pledged mutual support for each other.
~The Greeks halted the Persian advance into Europe.
6. - Tell about the causes, course, and consequences of the
Peloponnesian war.
Causes



Some city-states feared Athens because of its grab for power
and prestige. Athens was perceived to be dominating the Delian
League
Athens grew to be a naval powerhouse
Athenian settlers began to move into the lands of other citystates.
Course
Athens
and their
allies
-Athens had a better navy.
-Athens's strategy was to avoid battles on land and rely on
its sea power.
-Athens’s leader, Pericles, persuaded his people to seek
shelter behind the city wall of Athens. Food was obtained
through the port of Athens. With too many people behind
the city wall a plague broke out.
-Athens finally surrendered to Sparta.
Sparta
and their
allies
-Sparta had a better land based military force.
-Sparta strategy was to cut off the Athenian food supply by
destroying crops.
-Sparta surrounded Athens in an attempt to force
surrender.
Consequences

The Peloponnesian War lasted for 27 years.



All Greek city-states suffered economically and militarily.
However Sparta and Athens were considerably weakened by
this war.
The weakness of the city-states made them a target for takeover.
Greece is now vulnerable for an invasion.
7. - Describe the rise of Alexander the Great, the vastness of his
empire, and the spread of Greek culture.
Alexander the
Great

son of Macedonian King Philip.


tutored by Aristotle.
groomed to take over for his father. His father
had plans of expanding the Macedonian empire
created the
Alexander took advantage of the weakened Greek citylargest
states. With any Greek resistance he easily put down
empire to that the rebellion
time
Influenced by his fathers plans Alexander began to
spread his empire. he used a policy of terror or
kindness. terror if the people resisted. Kindness to
those peoples who surrendered.
Eventually the empire extended through Greece and
Macedonia, into Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, the
Sinai peninsula and south into Egypt. Also other areas
in modern Libya. Then Alexander extended his empire
east to modern day India. This expansion included
Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. For the time this
was the largest empire known.
spread of
Greek culture




as Alexander conquered, he established cities
based on Greek culture.
When an area was conquered Alexander left
Greeks behind to maintain order in the
conquered location.
Alexander encouraged the blending of cultures.
In Egypt Alexander worshipped Egyptian gods.
In Persia Alexander encouraged his armies to
adopt Persian culture.
This blending of the Greek, Persian, Egyptian and
Indian cultures became known as Hellenistic
culture. Alexander is credited with spread of
these cultures. Learning and new ideas grew
from this policy.
After years of fighting Alexander’s soldiers wanted to return home.
One the way back to Macedonia Alexander died in Babylon. At this
time his empire was divided among three of his generals.
8. - Give 5 examples of Greek gods and goddesses, heroes, and
events and where and how we see their names used today.
Greek god,
goddess, hero
How their names are used today
Achilles heal
someone’s weak spot
Trojan horse
Something that appears harmless at first glance
but has the potential for much damage.
Odyssey
long arduous journey, or a task riddled with many
complications
Nike
was the winged goddess of victory, but now refers
to a brand of athletic shoes
titan
huge or powerful person
marathon
long foot race
herculean
very strong/very difficult
Pandora’s box
introducing yourself to trouble
gorgon
severely ugly woman
9. - Why did the city-states of Greece institute a tradition of athletic
competitions? What kinds of sports were featured?
Why
The Olympics were held every 4 years to honor Zeus. They
took place in Olympia and only men participated in the
Olympics.
Sports The “sports” were skills that would be valuable to soldiers. The
events included: foot race, wrestling, the long jump, javelin
throw, and the discus throw.
10. - Explain the development of the first complete alphabet with
symbols for consonants and vowels.
The developing of an alphabet took many hundreds of years. The first
attempts at written language had symbols to stand for words.
Mesopotamian cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyphs are examples.
Phoenicians Over time the Phoenicians adapted this idea by including
a symbol to represent a sound. This is called a sound
symbol relationship. Because the Phoenicians were great
traders this system spread throughout the Mediterranean.
Greeks
The Greeks used the Phoenician alphabet as a basis for
their alphabet with the insertion of vowels. The Latin and
Greek alphabets are similar and are the basis for
language today.
11. - Famous Ancient Greeks-Graphic Organizer
Complete this chart as we work on our Greek unit.
Famous
Ancient
Greek
Famous for
what?
Main Ideas
Alexander the establishing a
Great
large empire
-spread Greek culture to all
conquered areas.
Thales
considered the father of science
science
studied everything from philosophy to
mathematics
attempted to explain natural
phenomena with rational explanations
Pythagoras
mathematician
a + b =c
2
2
2
-discovered the Pythagorean
theorem.
started a secret organization that
shared knowledge, but the knowledge
had to be kept secret.
Euclid
Hippocrates
famous for his
work in
geometry
considered to be the father of
geometry
medicine
father of medicine
wrote geometry books that are still
used today.
Hippocratic oath, taken by doctors
today- to do no harm
Socrates
questioning
everything
First great philosopher, never wrote
anything down, sentenced to death
for corrupting the youth of Athens
Plato
student of
Socrates
Student of Socrates
student of Plato
Student of Plato
Aristotle
Continued on in the tradition of
Socrates. Attempted to keep the
ideas of Socrates alive.
Tutored Alexander the Great, believed
the Greeks had a superior culture
Herodotus
historian
said to be the father of history, he
wrote everything down, he traveled
extensively, more tabloid like in his
approach to recording history
He wrote about the Persian Wars
Thucydides
historian
Considered to be the father of
“scientific history”. He had strict
standards for evidence gathering and
analysis. He did not include
interventions by gods in his accounts.
Said to be a more professional
historian. he created balanced
accounts of events using multiple
sources to create his work. His most
famous work was about the
Peloponnesian War.
Homer
epic poetry


Aeschylus
playwright
credited with writing the Iliad
and the Odyssey
was a wandering bard or poet.
wrote tragedies
father of tragedy
Sophocles
playwright
wrote tragedies
won the most awards for his plays
Aristophanes
playwright
wrote comedies that made fun of
prominent Athenians. he wrote a play
making fun of Socrates.
Euripides
playwright
wrote tragedies
known for portraying strong female
characters
12.-What were the purpose and or function of the following structures?
Lyceum Athenian school founded by Aristotle in 335 BC.
now used to mean a school
Gymna
sium
The gymnasium in ancient Greece functioned as a training
facility for competitors in public games. It was also a place for
socializing and engaging in intellectual pursuits.
Library
of
Alexand
ria
* The Royal Library of Alexandria, or Ancient Library of Alexandria, in
Alexandria, Egypt, seems to have been the largest and most significant great
library of the ancient world. It flourished under the patronage of the Ptolemaic
dynasty and functioned as a major center of scholarship from its construction
in the 3rd century BC until the Roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC.
The
The Parthenon is a temple in the Athenian Acropolis, Greece,
Parthen dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena, whom the people of
on
Athens considered their
protector.
The
The Acropolis of Athens is the best known acropolis in the
Acropoli world. Although there are many other acropoleis in Greece,
s
the significance of the Acropolis of Athens is such that it is
commonly known as The Acropolis without qualification. The
Acropolis is a flat-topped rock that rises above sea level in
the city of Athens.
Temple Delphi was the site of the Delphic oracle, the most important
of
oracle in the classical Greek world, and a major site for the
Apollo
worship of the god Apollo. An oracle is a place where the
Greeks believed they could communicate with the gods.