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The High Middle Ages
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Section 1
The High Middle Ages
Religion in the Middle Ages
Christian Beliefs
• Manorialism, feudalism encouraged local loyalties
• Christian beliefs brought people across Europe
together in spiritual community of Christendom
• Religion touched almost every aspect of
Christians’ lives
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Dramatic Increase
• Around 1000, influence of church increased
dramatically
• Great upwelling of piety, level of devotion, in
Europe
• Members of Christian church became more
devout
• Participation in religious services increased,
thousands flocked to monasteries, joined
religious orders
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The High Middle Ages
Growth of Papal Power
Not only were Europe’s common people inspired by a new sense of
piety, many clergy members sought ways to improve conditions.
Papacy
• 900s, 1000s, pope had little authority
• Few popes noted for religious devotion; most were nobles
concerned with increasing own power
Church Reforms
• 1049, first of series of clever, capable popes dedicated to reforming
papacy came to power, Leo IX
• Believed that Europe’s clergy had become corrupt, wanted to
reform it
• Concerned with simony, buying and selling of church offices by
bishops
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Popes and Politics
Popes gained influence over people’s religious
lives, also over European politics
• Pope became head of huge network of ecclesiastical
courts, heard cases on religious, moral matters
• Pope also ruled territories, like Papal States
– Had ability to raise armies to defend territories
– Several popes hired Normans to fight wars
– Crusades against Muslims launched by popes
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And now…
The
Crusades!
(Well, a few of them…
the important ones)
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The Crusades
Main Idea
The Crusades, a series of attempts
to gain Christian control of the Holy
Land, had a profound economic,
political, and social impact on
the societies involved. 
Analysis!
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The High Middle Ages
Launching the Crusades
Goal of Crusades
Muslims Control Holy Land
• European Christians launched
series of religious wars,
Crusades, in Middle Ages
• Jerusalem in control of North
African Muslims, Fatimids, late
1000s
• Goal to take Jerusalem, Holy
Land, away from Muslims
• Turkish Muslims took control of
Persia, other lands, persecuted
Christians visiting region
• Jerusalem site of Holy Temple
of Jews, also where Jesus
crucified, buried, was to come
again
• Vital to Christians to control city
• Turks attacked Byzantine
Empire, destroyed army, 1071
• Emperor turned to Western
Europe, Pope Urban II, for help
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The Council of Clermont
Pope Urban II called church leaders to council in
Clermont, France
• Described dangers faced by Byzantines
• Called on Christian warriors to put aside differences,
fight against Turks
– Effective call to arms
– Hundreds of knights, nobles volunteered for Crusade
– Set out to meet foes with slogan “God wills it!”
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The High Middle Ages
Sequence
What events led to the call for a Crusade?
Answer(s): Seljuk Turks conquered Holy Land,
threatened Byzantines; Byzantine emperor called
on pope for assistance
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The High Middle Ages
Fighting the Crusades
Crusaders left France in 1096 in First Crusade. In all, nine Crusades
set out between 1096 and 1291 to claim or protect the Holy Land.
First Crusade
• Crusaders in two groups,
peasants and knights
• Unskilled peasants answered
Pope’s call
– Eager to fight non-Christians in
Holy Land
– On the way attacked and
slaughtered German Jews
despite protests
– Fell to Seljuk Turkish army at
Jerusalem
Knights
• Better trained in warfare than
peasants, but unprepared for
hardship of journey
• Traveled three years
• Siege of Jerusalem victory for
Crusaders, disaster for city
• Renamed four states in Holy
Land, intended to be
strongholds against future
Muslim conquests
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Second Crusade
• Muslims began retaking lands lost in First Crusade
• Took city of Edessa, capital of one Crusader state, 1144
• European leaders called for Second Crusade, launched in 1147
• Second Crusade a failure, took no lands from Muslims
Third Crusade
• New leader arose in Muslim world, 1177
• Salah ad-Din, known to Europeans as Saladin
• Overthrew Fatimids, took title of sultan
• Set out to take back Crusader states, succeeded, drove European
Christians out of Jerusalem
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Third Crusade
Three Kings
• Richard, Philip, Frederick set out from Europe on Third Crusade
• Frederick was killed, Philip quarreled with Richard, returned home
• Only King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England fought in Holy Land
How did Frederick Barbarossa die?
The High Middle Ages
• On June 10, 1190,
Emperor Frederick
drowned in the Saleph
River as his army was
approaching Antioch
from Armenia; Arab
historians report that
his army had
encamped before the
river, and that the
Emperor had gone to
the river to drink and
bathe, however, he
forgot to take his armor
off and he was carried
away by the currents
underwater and then
he died. Some of
Frederick's men put
him in a barrel of
vinegar to preserve his
body.
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Third Crusade
Three Kings
• Richard, Philip, Frederick set out from Europe on Third Crusade
• Frederick was killed, Philip quarreled with Richard, returned home
• Only King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England fought in Holy Land
Mutual Respect
• Richard, Saladin admired each other as military leaders, gentlemen
• Made proposals for peace, including marriage alliance of Richard’s sister,
Saladin’s brother; never took place because of religious differences
Fierce Fighting
• Richard, Saladin fought fiercely for control of Holy Land
• Richard won several battles, not able to drive Muslims out of Holy Land
• Richard could not take Jerusalem, had to return to England
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The Aftermath
• Richard was arrested and imprisoned in December 1192
by Duke Leopold, who suspected him of murdering his
cousin Conrad of Montferrat, and had been offended by
Richard casting down his standard from the walls of
Acre. He was later transferred to the custody of Henry
VI, Holy Roman Emperor, and it took a ransom of one
hundred fifty thousand marks to obtain his release.
Richard returned to England in 1194 and died of a
crossbow bolt wound in 1199 at the age of 41.
• In 1193, Saladin died of yellow fever, leaving behind only
one piece of gold and forty-seven pieces of silver; he
had given the rest away to charity.
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Fourth and Later Crusades
More Failures
• Disorganization, lack of leadership made later
Crusades fail
• Six other Crusades followed, none successful
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Find the Main Idea
What was the goal of the Crusades?
Answer(s): to take Jerusalem and the Holy Land
away from the Muslims who controlled it
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Effects of the Crusades
Economic Changes
• Historic evidence of trade between Muslims,
Byzantines, Europeans prior to Crusades
• Crusades enhanced existing trade (which
brings what?)
• Returning Crusaders brought more goods,
spices, textiles, to Europe
• Increase in trade added to changing European
economy during Middle Ages
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Effects of the Crusades
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The High Middle Ages
Effects of the Crusades
Political Changes
Social Changes
• Crusades led to deaths of many
knights, nobles
• Lands left vulnerable
• Other ambitious nobles took
control of unoccupied lands
• Nobles then had more power,
influence in Europe
• Some Europeans respected
other cultures, others intolerant
• Many viewed non-Christians as
enemies, persecuted Jews
• Holy Land Jews saw Crusaders
as cruel invaders
• Relations strained for centuries
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Draw Conclusions
Why did people’s attitudes change after the
Crusades?
Answer(s): Europeans became more intolerant
and saw Jews and Muslims as enemies; Jews and
Muslims saw the Crusaders as enemies