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Transcript
The High Middle Ages Section 1 Section 1 The High Middle Ages Religion in the Middle Ages Christian Beliefs • Manorialism, feudalism encouraged local loyalties • Christian beliefs brought people across Europe together in spiritual community of Christendom • Religion touched almost every aspect of Christians’ lives The High Middle Ages Section 1 Dramatic Increase • Around 1000, influence of church increased dramatically • Great upwelling of piety, level of devotion, in Europe • Members of Christian church became more devout • Participation in religious services increased, thousands flocked to monasteries, joined religious orders Section 1 The High Middle Ages Growth of Papal Power Not only were Europe’s common people inspired by a new sense of piety, many clergy members sought ways to improve conditions. Papacy • 900s, 1000s, pope had little authority • Few popes noted for religious devotion; most were nobles concerned with increasing own power Church Reforms • 1049, first of series of clever, capable popes dedicated to reforming papacy came to power, Leo IX • Believed that Europe’s clergy had become corrupt, wanted to reform it • Concerned with simony, buying and selling of church offices by bishops The High Middle Ages Section 1 Popes and Politics Popes gained influence over people’s religious lives, also over European politics • Pope became head of huge network of ecclesiastical courts, heard cases on religious, moral matters • Pope also ruled territories, like Papal States – Had ability to raise armies to defend territories – Several popes hired Normans to fight wars – Crusades against Muslims launched by popes The High Middle Ages Section 1 And now… The Crusades! (Well, a few of them… the important ones) The High Middle Ages Section 1 The High Middle Ages Section 1 The High Middle Ages Section 1 The Crusades Main Idea The Crusades, a series of attempts to gain Christian control of the Holy Land, had a profound economic, political, and social impact on the societies involved. Analysis! Section 1 The High Middle Ages Launching the Crusades Goal of Crusades Muslims Control Holy Land • European Christians launched series of religious wars, Crusades, in Middle Ages • Jerusalem in control of North African Muslims, Fatimids, late 1000s • Goal to take Jerusalem, Holy Land, away from Muslims • Turkish Muslims took control of Persia, other lands, persecuted Christians visiting region • Jerusalem site of Holy Temple of Jews, also where Jesus crucified, buried, was to come again • Vital to Christians to control city • Turks attacked Byzantine Empire, destroyed army, 1071 • Emperor turned to Western Europe, Pope Urban II, for help The High Middle Ages Section 1 The Council of Clermont Pope Urban II called church leaders to council in Clermont, France • Described dangers faced by Byzantines • Called on Christian warriors to put aside differences, fight against Turks – Effective call to arms – Hundreds of knights, nobles volunteered for Crusade – Set out to meet foes with slogan “God wills it!” Section 1 The High Middle Ages Sequence What events led to the call for a Crusade? Answer(s): Seljuk Turks conquered Holy Land, threatened Byzantines; Byzantine emperor called on pope for assistance Section 1 The High Middle Ages Fighting the Crusades Crusaders left France in 1096 in First Crusade. In all, nine Crusades set out between 1096 and 1291 to claim or protect the Holy Land. First Crusade • Crusaders in two groups, peasants and knights • Unskilled peasants answered Pope’s call – Eager to fight non-Christians in Holy Land – On the way attacked and slaughtered German Jews despite protests – Fell to Seljuk Turkish army at Jerusalem Knights • Better trained in warfare than peasants, but unprepared for hardship of journey • Traveled three years • Siege of Jerusalem victory for Crusaders, disaster for city • Renamed four states in Holy Land, intended to be strongholds against future Muslim conquests The High Middle Ages Section 1 Second Crusade • Muslims began retaking lands lost in First Crusade • Took city of Edessa, capital of one Crusader state, 1144 • European leaders called for Second Crusade, launched in 1147 • Second Crusade a failure, took no lands from Muslims Third Crusade • New leader arose in Muslim world, 1177 • Salah ad-Din, known to Europeans as Saladin • Overthrew Fatimids, took title of sultan • Set out to take back Crusader states, succeeded, drove European Christians out of Jerusalem The High Middle Ages Section 1 Third Crusade Three Kings • Richard, Philip, Frederick set out from Europe on Third Crusade • Frederick was killed, Philip quarreled with Richard, returned home • Only King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England fought in Holy Land How did Frederick Barbarossa die? The High Middle Ages • On June 10, 1190, Emperor Frederick drowned in the Saleph River as his army was approaching Antioch from Armenia; Arab historians report that his army had encamped before the river, and that the Emperor had gone to the river to drink and bathe, however, he forgot to take his armor off and he was carried away by the currents underwater and then he died. Some of Frederick's men put him in a barrel of vinegar to preserve his body. Section 1 The High Middle Ages Section 1 Third Crusade Three Kings • Richard, Philip, Frederick set out from Europe on Third Crusade • Frederick was killed, Philip quarreled with Richard, returned home • Only King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England fought in Holy Land Mutual Respect • Richard, Saladin admired each other as military leaders, gentlemen • Made proposals for peace, including marriage alliance of Richard’s sister, Saladin’s brother; never took place because of religious differences Fierce Fighting • Richard, Saladin fought fiercely for control of Holy Land • Richard won several battles, not able to drive Muslims out of Holy Land • Richard could not take Jerusalem, had to return to England The High Middle Ages Section 1 The Aftermath • Richard was arrested and imprisoned in December 1192 by Duke Leopold, who suspected him of murdering his cousin Conrad of Montferrat, and had been offended by Richard casting down his standard from the walls of Acre. He was later transferred to the custody of Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, and it took a ransom of one hundred fifty thousand marks to obtain his release. Richard returned to England in 1194 and died of a crossbow bolt wound in 1199 at the age of 41. • In 1193, Saladin died of yellow fever, leaving behind only one piece of gold and forty-seven pieces of silver; he had given the rest away to charity. The High Middle Ages Section 1 Fourth and Later Crusades More Failures • Disorganization, lack of leadership made later Crusades fail • Six other Crusades followed, none successful The High Middle Ages Section 1 Find the Main Idea What was the goal of the Crusades? Answer(s): to take Jerusalem and the Holy Land away from the Muslims who controlled it The High Middle Ages Section 1 Effects of the Crusades Economic Changes • Historic evidence of trade between Muslims, Byzantines, Europeans prior to Crusades • Crusades enhanced existing trade (which brings what?) • Returning Crusaders brought more goods, spices, textiles, to Europe • Increase in trade added to changing European economy during Middle Ages The High Middle Ages Effects of the Crusades Section 1 Section 1 The High Middle Ages Effects of the Crusades Political Changes Social Changes • Crusades led to deaths of many knights, nobles • Lands left vulnerable • Other ambitious nobles took control of unoccupied lands • Nobles then had more power, influence in Europe • Some Europeans respected other cultures, others intolerant • Many viewed non-Christians as enemies, persecuted Jews • Holy Land Jews saw Crusaders as cruel invaders • Relations strained for centuries The High Middle Ages Section 1 The High Middle Ages Section 1 Draw Conclusions Why did people’s attitudes change after the Crusades? Answer(s): Europeans became more intolerant and saw Jews and Muslims as enemies; Jews and Muslims saw the Crusaders as enemies