Download Unit 2-Investigating the Immune and Nervous System

Unit 3-Investigating the Diversity of Life
Lesson 1: What are the Similarities and Differences among Living Things?
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organism-_______________________________________________________
-bacteria, mushrooms, trees, algae, worms, and giraffes are all organisms.
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species_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
-cheetah
-black walnut trees
-portabella mushrooms
-horses & donkeys (they can mate with one another (mules), but mules cannot
reproduce, so horses and donkeys are not considered the same species
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extinct-_________________________________________________________
-dinosaurs
-common & natural
-over _______% of organisms that ever existed are extinct
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fossil-__________________________________________________________
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biodiversity- bio means “_________,” and diversity means “_________________.”
1. All organisms are made of ___________________________________
o yeast (one cell)
o you (trillions of cells)
2. All living things have basic needs
o you (water, food, and oxygen)
o oak tree (water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide)
o certain bacteria that live on the ocean floor (hydrogen sulfide-a very
poisonous gas to humans)
3. All living things need and use _______________________________________
o dandelion - sunlight
o fungus - by absorbing _______________ from dead organisms
o you - foods you eat
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4. All living things grow, develop, and eventually die
o Mayfly- live a few hours
o Bristlecone pines- live 4,700 years
5. All living things reproduce more organisms like themselves
6. All living things respond to their environment
o a plant grows toward _________________________________________
o you blink in ______________ ________________________
7. All living things need a place to live
o cactus -____________________________________________________
o mushroom -_________________________________________________
o lion-_______________________________________________________
o violet-_____________________________________________________
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_____________________________- Early 1800’s, a scientist who tried to
explain the diversity of organisms
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_____________________________- the process in which organisms with traits
better suited to their environment reproduce more successfully than organisms with
less desirable traits
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_________________________- the change in the properties of populations of
organisms over time
1. Is the discovery of a new species rare? Explain why or why not.
2. What is a species?
3. How many species of organisms have been given scientific names?
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4. How are all living things similar?
5. Explain the theory of natural selection.
6. What do fossils tell us about the species of organisms that God has created?
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Lesson 2: How Are Living Things Classified?
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________________- the science of classifying living things
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________________- scientist who classifies living things
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________________- broadest taxonomy group
1. Kingdom
o Kingdom Animalia- animals
o Kingdom Plantae- plants
o Kingdom Fungi- fungi, slime molds, yeasts, mold, and mushrooms
o Kingdom Monera- bacteria (The simplest organisms on earth)
o Kingdom Protista- microorganisms that cannot easily be classified
as animals, plants, fungi, or bacteria (usually single celled organisms)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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Phylum
Class
_________________
Family
Genus
_________________
_______________ ________________- This man developed a two-part naming
system called binomial nomenclature, which assures that all scientists use
the same name for the same organism. The scientific name of an organism is a
combination of its genus and species names. Greek or Latin is generally used for
these names.
1. What is taxonomy?
2. Why is taxonomy important to scientists?
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3. Name the seven categories that taxonomist use to classify organisms.
(Kids Pick Candy Over Fancy Green Salad)
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2.
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4. How would biologists classify a new species of mushroom?
5. Explain binomial nomenclature.
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Lesson 3: What are Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles Like?
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__________________- an animal with a backbone
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__________________- an animal that obtains its body heat from its surroundings
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____________- organs that allow aquatic animals to absorb oxygen from the water
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____________- fan shaped structure that helps a fish move, steer, and stop
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_________________- flexible, bonelike skeletal material (the same material that
makes up your ears and the soft part of your nose) These fish don’t have scales.
o Sharks
o Rays
o Skates
FISH
AMPHIBIANS
1. Explain how vertebrates and invertebrates are different.
2. Describe the features that fish have in common.
3. Name and describe the three basic groups of fish.
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REPTILES
4. Describe the features that amphibians have in common.
5. Describe the features that reptiles have in common.
6. How are fish, amphibians, and reptiles the same? How are they different?
Same
~~~ Different ~~~
Fish
Amphibians
Reptile
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Lesson 4: What are Birds and Mammals Like?
 _______________________-an animal that generates body heat inside its body.
-birds
-mammals
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birdso endotherm
o need a lot of _____________(for flying and staying warm)
o several features not found elsewhere in the animal kingdom
1. _______________ (instead of jaws and teeth)
2. feathers and wings (powerful chest muscles)
3. hollow ________________ to reduce weight
mammalso Three main groups
1. ____________________- lay eggs -duck-billed platypuses
2. ____________________- pouches- kangaroo, Tasmanian devils, and
opossums
3. ____________________- give birth to live young that develop fully
inside the mother before being born
o endotherms
o breathe with lungs
o mammary glands
o body hair
o specialized teeth for eating certain types of foods
o care for their young until grown up
o large brains
1. What percent of Earth’s organisms are birds or mammals?
2. Describe the features that all birds share.
3. Describe the features shared by mammals.
4. How do teeth of a leopard and a deer differ? Why do these two mammals have
different types of teeth?
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Lesson 5: What Are Invertebrates Like?
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________________________________- an animal without a backbone
o Worms, Insects, Coral, Spiders, Crabs, Clams, Shrimp
o Three Basic Body Designs
1. _______ symmetry- a body form in which parts are arranged in a circle
 Star fish
 Sea urchins
2. Bilateral symmetry- a body form in which there are two similar halves
 B________________ example
 E________________ example
 L________________ example
3. No symmetry
 S____________ example
o Several Major Groups
1. Sponge
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Animals with a soft body and without organs
They can’t move from place to place.
They can’t photosynthesize.
They eat. (Collar cells act as a net to trap food. Whiplike
structures called flagella circulate water inside the sponge.)
2. Coelenterates
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Animals with stinging tentacles
_______________ symmetry
Only one body opening for food and waste
Stinging cells on the tentacles send sharp barbs into the animal,
releasing poison, then the tentacles move the animal toward the
body opening
o Jellyfish, hydras, corals, and sea anemones
3. Worms
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_______________ symmetry
Soft slender bodies covered with moist, thin skin.
o Three major groups of worms
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Flatworms- long, flat body and only one opening for
food and waste. Many are parasites. (tapeworm)
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Round worms- long, thin bodies and separate
openings for food and waste. Most are very tiny;
many are microscopic. (trichina roundworm- from
eating undercooked pork)
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Segmented worms-Two separate openings for
food and waste. Most have tiny, stiff hairs that
help them grip the ground as they move along.
Several structures like hearts, pumping blood
through the body. (L___________ and
E___________ examples)
4. Mollusks
o Soft bodies and generally have hard shells
o Most live in water
o Uses its sharp tongue like structure called a ________to
cut the plants, animals, or decaying matter that it eats.
(snails & slugs)
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_________ are mollusks that have two shells.
(clams,
mussels, scallops, and oysters)
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Cephalopods (octopuses and squid) are mollusks with
tentacles with suction cups to help them grip objects. They have
large eyes and sharp teeth.
5. Echinoderms have ______________ symmetry as adults
o S_ _ _ _ skin
o Skeletons are inside their bodies.
o Move, gather food, feel, and breathe thru tiny structures
called tube feet. (starfish, sand dollars, and sea urchins)
6. Arthropods-
Largest phylum of invertebrates
-an animal with jointed limbs, a segmented body, and an exoskeleton
 Four major types of arthropods
o Insects
o Crustaceans
o Arachnids
o Millipedes and Centipedes
 Exoskeleton- _____________________________________
 Bilateral Symmetry
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1. Name and describe the three basic invertebrate body structures.
2. Name six major groups of invertebrates.
3. Name the largest group of invertebrates. Give three examples of invertebrates in
that group.
4. What features do arthropods share?
5. How are arthropods important?
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Lesson 6: What Are Plants Like?
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Plants
o Stiff outer coverings called cell walls- these cell walls help keep the plant
rigid and upright.
o Contain ________________- a green pigment (used to make their own food)
o All plants have structures for getting water, making food, reproducing, and
providing support.
a. Root system- roots- underground structure that collects water and dissolved
minerals from the soil.
1. Anchor the plant to soil
2. Store unused food for the plant
Two basic types:
3. _____________________- one main root that grows downward
 structured to reach water deep in the soil
4. ___________ _________- composed of several equal-sized roots
that spread out from the plant’s base.
 structured for quickly collecting water near the soil’s surface
b. Shoot system
i. Made up of stems and leaves
1. stems
a. support the plant and connect the roots to the leaves and
reproductive structures.
b. position the leaves for maximum exposure to sunlight
2. leaves
a. make sugar for the plant to use as food
3. _____________ ____________- a plant that has vascular
tissue (most plants have this plumbing)
a. vascular tissues- plant tissues that transport water,
minerals, and dissolved nutrients
i. ____________- vascular tissue that transports
water and dissolved minerals from the plant’s roots
to the leaves
ii. Phloem- v_ _ _ _ _ _ _ tissue that transports food
from the leaves to the other parts of the plant
b. Two smaller groups:
i. With seeds (all trees, shrubs, vines, flowers,
houseplants, and weeds)
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1. Seed Plants are divided into two major groups
- Cone bearing plants (pines, spruces,
firs, and cedars) Pollen and eggs from
the plant join inside the cones, where
they grow into seeds. These seeds are
scattered when the cones open.
- Flowering plants (majority of plants use
flowers to reproduce)
- When the egg cells inside the flowers
are fertilized by sperm cells inside
pollen, the egg cells become seeds.
Fruits form around the seeds to
protect them and to aid in scattering
- Spread by animals, wind, or water
2. Without seeds (ferns and horsetails-use
spores to reproduce)
4. _____________ _________- a plant that does not have
vascular tissue
i. These plants must move water, food, and minerals
from cell to cell without the help of tubes or pipes.
ii. Moss and liverwort
iii. Can’t grow tall for the above reason
iv. Reproduce using cells called spores.
1. Spores- a reproductive cell that can grow
directly into a new organism
- Very light
- Spread in the wind or water
c. Reproductive system
1. Identify several characteristics that plants share.
2. Name three basic body systems of plants.
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3. What do roots do for plants?
4. Describe two types of stems.
5. If someone pulls all of the leaves off a small tree and continues to take the leaves
off the tree as they grow back, how will this affect the tree?
6. Explain how materials are transported throughout a plant.
7. Name three plant structures used for reproduction.
8. Draw a flow chart for classifying plant species.
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Lesson 7: How Do Plants Make Food?
 ________________________- process by which plants use c h _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _,
water, and carbon dioxide to make glucose and oxygen.
o ___________________ captures sunlight
o Plants use this energy to change water and carbon dioxide into glucose
o Glucose and oxygen are the products of
o Key process that helps sustain life on Earth
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__________________- a type of sugar that is produced during photosynthesis
(plant’s food supply)
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Plants make oxygen and food PLUS…
o Roots prevent erosion
o Lumber, cotton, chemicals for medicines
o Provide homes and food
o Absorb carbon dioxide
o Contribute to the water cycle
1. Why is it impossible for you to live without photosynthetic plants?
2. Explain how the process of photosynthesis works.
3. A friend tells you that modern technology has made plants unnecessary for humans
and that we should clear trees and fields away to build homes and stores. Explain
four reasons why your friend is mistaken.
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Lesson 8: What Are Bacteria, Fungi, and Protists Like?
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__________________________-one-celled organisms without a nucleus
o Kingdom Monera
1. Some bacteria- Decompose dead organisms into nutrients
2. Other bacteria- Cause human and animal illness
o Not all bacteria is harmful
1. Some recycle nitrogen in the soil so that plants can grow
2. Others live inside our bodies to help us digest food.
o Louis Pasteur- invented pasteurization (heating liquids to kill harmful
bacteria)
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__________- an organism that absorbs its food from dead, dying, or living material
o Yeasts- one celled organism- (reproduce by dividing that cell),
Molds (penicillin- the first antibiotic drug),
Mushrooms
o Most are decomposers that absorb nutrients from dead plants or animals
o A few fungi absorb nutrients from living tissue (athlete’s foot)
o Others live on tree roots (helps get vital minerals and protects them from
disease causing organisms)
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Protist- _______________________________________________________
o Most are one-celled
o Have a nuclei
o Some use photosynthesis (algae) (Diatoms)
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______________________- a protist that has some characteristics of animals
o One-celled organism that needs food, water, air, and a way of disposing of
wastes.
o Most live in water or moist places (amoebas- engulf their food; others hunt
using whiplike or hairlike structures to sweep small creatures into their
mouths
1. Identify three kingdoms of organisms that are not plants or animals.
2. How are bacteria harmful?
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3. How are bacteria helpful?
4. Name three groups of protists.
5. Explain how microscopes help people learn about the organisms in Kingdom Protista.
6. Describe features that organisms in Kingdom Fungi share.
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Lesson 9: How Are Living Things Connected?
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________________ factors- nonliving things in an environment
o Sunlight, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, soil, and pollution, etc.
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________________ factors- living things in an environment
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Biosphere- includes all of the organisms living on the Earth, along with the soil,
water, and air
o Ecosystem- a group of organisms in a certain place and their nonliving
environment
1. Rainforest
2. Coral reef
3. ________________
4. ________________
5. Field
o __________________- all living things in an ecosystem
o Population- a group of organisms of the same species that live in a community
o Food Chains- the food and energy links in an ecosystem
1. Most food chains begin with sunlight
2. Producer- an organism that makes its own food
3. ______________- an animal that eats plants
 Grasshoppers, rabbits, deer, and cows
4. ______________- an animal that eats other animals
 Flies, frogs, cats, eagles, and coyotes
5. ______________- an animal that eats dead animals
 Vultures
6. Bacteria- breaks down all dead organisms into soil and nutrients
o Food Web- intertwined food chains in an ecosystem
1. Explain the difference between biotic and abiotic factors in the environment.
2. Name three abiotic factors in your classroom.
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3. Describe the two basic food webs on Earth.
4. Write a food chain for a forest.
5. What makes up an ecosystem?
6. How do you depend on producers?
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