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Chapter 16
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
____ 1.
Darwin noticed that many organisms
seemed well suited to
a.
being preserved as fossils.
b.
providing humans with food.
c.
surviving in the environments in which they lived.
d.
swimming from South America to the Galápagos Islands.
c.
surviving in the environments in which they
lived.
____ 2.
The species of finches that Charles Darwin
found on different Galápagos Islands varied in certain
structural adaptations. One of the most significant
adaptations that Darwin noted was the
a.
similarities of the birds’ embryos.
b.
birds’ different-shaped beaks.
c.
length of the birds’ necks.
d.
number of eggs in each bird’s nest.
b.
birds’ different-shaped beaks.
____ 3.
Based on the adaptations Charles Darwin observed in
finches and tortoises in the Galápagos, he wondered
a.
if species living on different islands had once been members of the
same species.
b.
if finches and tortoises had originated from the same ancestral species.
c.
if all birds on the different islands were finches.
d.
why all tortoises on the different islands were identical.
a.
if species living on different islands had once
been members of the same species.
____ 4.
Which of the following ideas was NOT
part of Darwin’s contribution to science?
a.
descent with modification
b.
inheritance of acquired characteristics
c.
survival of the fittest
d.
natural selection
b.
inheritance of acquired characteristics
____ 5.
Charles Darwin’s observation that finches of
different species on the Galápagos Islands have many similar
physical characteristics supports the hypothesis that these
finches
a.
have the ability to interbreed.
b.
acquired traits through use and disuse.
c.
all eat the same type of food.
d.
descended from a common ancestor.
d.
descended from a common ancestor.
6. On the Galápagos Islands, Charles Darwin observed
a.
completely unrelated species on each of the islands.
b.
species exactly like those found in South America.
c.
species similar to mainland South American species.
d.
species completely unrelated to those found in South
America.
c.
species similar to mainland South American
species.
____ 7.
Which of the following ideas is supported by
Darwin’s observation of local variation among
tortoises in the Galápagos Islands?
a.
artificial selection
b.
adaptation
c.
acquired characteristics
d.
tendency towards perfection
b.
adaptation
____ 8.
Darwin first began to formulate his concept of
evolution by natural selection after
a.
experimenting with animals.
b.
observing patterns among the geographical location of certain
species.
c.
reading the writings of Wallace.
d.
agreeing with Lamarck about the driving force behind
evolution.
b.
observing patterns among the geographical
location of certain species.
____ 9.
People of Charles Darwin’s time
understood that fossils were
a.
preserved remains of ancient organisms.
b.
available for every organism that ever lived.
c.
unrelated to living species.
d.
evidence for the evolution of life on Earth.
a.
preserved remains of ancient organisms.
____ 10. James Hutton’s and Charles Lyell’s work
suggests that
a.
Earth is several million years old.
b.
Earth is several thousand years old.
c.
all fossils were formed in the last 1000 years.
d.
all rocks on Earth contain fossils.
a.
Earth is several million years old.
____ 11. In the 1800s, Charles Lyell emphasized that
a.
the human population will outgrow the available food
supply.
b.
all populations evolve through natural selection.
c.
Earth is a few thousand years old.
d.
past geological events must be explained in terms of
processes observable today.
d.
past geological events must be explained in
terms of processes observable today.
____ 12. One scientist who attempted to explain
how rock formations, such as rock layers, form and
change over time was
a.
Thomas Malthus.
b.
James Hutton.
c.
Charles Darwin.
d.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
b.
James Hutton.
____ 13.
James Hutton’s and Charles Lyell’s work was
important to Darwin because these scientists
a.
explained volcanoes and earthquakes.
b.
explained all geologic events on Earth.
c.
suggested that Earth was old enough for evolution to have
occurred.
d.
refuted the work of Lamarck, which was based on
misunderstandings.
c.
suggested that Earth was old enough for
evolution to have occurred.
____ 14.
What did Charles Darwin learn from reading
the work of James Hutton and Charles Lyell?
a.
Earth is relatively young.
b.
Gradual change operating over long periods of time can result
in dramatic changes.
c.
All geological change is caused by living organisms.
d.
The processes that formed old rocks on Earth do not operate
today.
b.
Gradual change operating over long periods of
time can result in dramatic changes.
____ 15. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck proposed that
organisms
a.
have an innate tendency toward complexity and
perfection.
b.
have an innate tendency to become simpler as time
passes.
c.
inherit all of the adaptations they display.
d.
belong to species that never change.
a.
have an innate tendency toward complexity and
perfection.
____ 16. Which is a major concept included in
Lamarck’s evolutionary hypothesis?
a.
Change is the result of survival of the fittest.
b.
Body structures can change according to the actions of
the organism.
c.
A small population size decreases the rate of evolution.
d.
Artificial selection is the basis for evolution.
b.
Body structures can change according to the
actions of the organism.
____ 17.
Lamarck’s ideas about evolution include the
concept that differences among the traits of organisms
arise as a result of
a.
continual increases in population size.
b.
the actions of organisms as they use or fail to use body
structures.
c.
an unchanging local environment.
d.
the natural variations already present within the population of
organisms.
b.
the actions of organisms as they use or fail to
use body structures.
____ 18.
In an experiment, suppose that the wings of
fruit flies were clipped short for fifty generations. The fiftyfirst generation emerged with normal-length wings. This
observation would tend to disprove the idea that evolution
is based on
a.
inheritance of natural variations.
b.
inheritance of acquired characteristics.
c.
natural selection.
d.
survival of the fittest.
b.
inheritance of acquired characteristics.
____ 19. The economist Thomas Malthus suggested
that
a.
in the human population, people die faster than babies are
born.
b.
without certain checks on population size, there would
soon be insufficient food for the growing human
population.
c.
in the 1700s, England needed more housing.
d.
the majority of a species’ offspring die.
b.
without certain checks on population size, there
would soon be insufficient food for the
growing human population.
____ 20. The idea that events like war, starvation, and
disease could prevent the endless growth of human
populations was presented by
a.
Charles Darwin.
b.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
c.
Thomas Malthus.
d.
Charles Lyell.
c.
Thomas Malthus.
____ 21. Darwin realized that the economist
Malthus’s theory of population control
a.
applied only to humans.
b.
could be generalized to any population of organisms.
c.
could be generalized only when populations lived in
crowded conditions.
d.
explained why the number of deaths exceeded that of
births.
b.
could be generalized to any population of
organisms.
____ 22. When a dairy farmer chooses to breed the
cows that give the most milk in the herd, the farmers
are following the principle of
a.
acquired characteristics.
b.
descent with modification.
c.
artificial selection.
d.
natural selection.
c.
artificial selection.
____ 23. When farmers select animals or plants to
use for breeding, they look for
a.
species that are perfect and unchanging.
b.
homologous structures.
c.
characteristics acquired during the lifetime of the
organism.
d.
natural variations that are present in a species.
d.
natural variations that are present in a species.
____ 24. When a farmer breeds only his or her
best livestock, the process involved is
a.
natural selection.
b.
artificial selection.
c.
artificial variation.
d.
survival of the fittest.
b.
artificial selection.
____ 25. According to Darwin’s theory of natural
selection, individuals who survive are the ones best
adapted for their environment. Their survival is due to
the
a.
possession of adaptations developed through use.
b.
possession of inherited adaptations that maximize fitness.
c.
lack of competition within the species.
d.
choices made by plant and animal breeders.
b.
possession of inherited adaptations that
maximize fitness.
____ 26. Each of the following is a condition
necessary for natural selection to occur EXCEPT
a.
more offspring are born than can survive.
b.
population size is very large.
c.
fitness varies among individuals.
d.
there is heritable variation among members of the
population.
b.
population size is very large.
____ 27.
Which statement about the members of a population
that live long enough to reproduce is consistent with the theory of
evolution by natural selection?
a.
They transmit characteristics acquired by use and disuse to their
offspring.
b.
They tend to produce fewer offspring than others in the population.
c.
They are the ones that are best adapted to survive in their
environment.
d.
They will perpetuate unfavorable changes in the species.
c.
They are the ones that are best adapted to
survive in their environment.
____ 28. Charles Darwin called the ability of an
organism to survive and reproduce in its specific
environment
a.
diversity.
b.
fitness.
c.
adaptation.
d.
evolution.
b.
fitness.
____ 29. According to Darwin’s theory of natural
selection, the individuals that tend to survive are
those that have
a.
characteristics their parents acquired by use and disuse.
b.
characteristics that plant and animal breeders value.
c.
the greatest number of offspring.
d.
variations best suited to environmental conditions.
d.
variations best suited to environmental
conditions.
____ 30. Which of the following phrases best
describes the results of natural selection?
a.
the natural variation found in all populations
b.
unrelated species living in different locations
c.
changes in the inherited characteristics of a population
over time
d.
the struggle for existence undergone by all living things
c.
changes in the inherited characteristics of a
population over time
____ 31.
Which statement is part of Darwin’s theory of
evolution by natural selection?
a.
More offspring are produced than can possibly survive.
b.
The organisms that are the fittest are always largest and
strongest.
c.
The number of offspring is not related to fitness.
d.
Acquired characteristics that are inherited are the cause of
evolution.
a.
More offspring are produced than can possibly
survive.
____ 32.
The principle of common descent helps explain
why
a.
well-adapted species have many offspring.
b.
conditions in an organism’s environment ensures the
organism’s survival.
c.
birds and reptiles share a number of inherited characteristics.
d.
tigers are so different from cheetahs.
c.
birds and reptiles share a number of inherited
characteristics.
____ 33. The hypothesis that all species are
descended from common ancestors was proposed by
a.
James Hutton.
b.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
c.
Thomas Malthus.
d.
Charles Darwin.
d.
Charles Darwin.
____ 34. Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by
natural selection explains each of the following
EXCEPT how
a.
species can become extinct.
b.
inherited traits are passed from parent to offspring.
c.
species descend from common ancestors.
d.
evolution takes place in the natural world.
b.
inherited traits are passed from parent to
offspring.
____ 35. Darwin’s concept of natural selection
was NOT influenced by
a.
the work of Charles Lyell.
b.
knowledge about the structure of DNA.
c.
his collection of specimens.
d.
his trip on the H.M.S. Beagle.
b.
knowledge about the structure of DNA.
____ 36. Biogeography is the study of
a.
where species and their ancestors live.
b.
how extinct species can be related to living species.
c.
how different species can interbreed.
d.
how animals that live in the same area are closely
related.
a.
where species and their ancestors live.
____ 37.
The number and location of bones of many
fossil vertebrates are similar to those in living vertebrates.
This is evidence in support of which of the following
concepts?
a.
Lamarck’s tendency towards perfection
b.
common descent
c.
analogous structures
d.
the inheritance of acquired traits
b.
common descent
____ 38. Charles Darwin viewed the fossil record as
a.
evidence that Earth was thousands of years old.
b.
useful support for his theory.
c.
interesting but unrelated to the evolution of modern
species.
d.
evidence that traits are acquired through use or disuse.
Figure 16–1
b.
useful support for his theory.
____ 39. In humans, the pelvis and femur, or thigh
bone, are involved in walking. In whales, the pelvis and
femur shown in Figure 16–1 are
a.
examples of fossils.
b.
vestigial structures.
c.
acquired traits.
d.
examples of natural variation.
b.
vestigial structures.
____ 40. Modern sea star larvae resemble some
primitive vertebrate larvae. This similarity may suggest
that primitive vertebrates
a.
share a common ancestor with sea stars.
b.
evolved from sea stars.
c.
evolved before sea stars.
d.
belong to the same species as sea stars.
a.
share a common ancestor with sea stars.
____ 41. Molecular evidence in support of natural
selection includes
a.
the nearly universal genetic code.
b.
the presence of vestigial structures.
c.
a tendency toward perfect, unchanging DNA in various
species.
d.
the transmission of acquired characteristics by DNA.
a.
the nearly universal genetic code.
____ 42. Similar patterns of embryological
development in different but related organisms are
responsible for the formation of
a.
homologous structures.
b.
analogous structures.
c.
Hox genes.
d.
intermediate fossil forms.
a.
homologous structures.
____ 43. According to the Grants’ investigation of
Galápagos finches, what happened to the beaks of
finches?
a.
Beaks became larger through artificial selection.
b.
Beaks became smaller when they migrated.
c.
Beaks became smaller during the finches’ lifespan.
d.
Beaks became larger over many generations.
d.
Beaks became larger over many generations.
____ 44. Which characteristic of Galápagos finches
helped the Grants show the results of natural
selection?
a.
the color of their feathers
b.
the length and shape of their wings
c.
the size and shape of their beaks
d.
the curve of their claws
c.
the size and shape of their beaks
____ 45. What principle does the Grants’
investigation of finch adaptation in the Galápagos
Islands best support?
a.
biogeography
b.
evolutionary embryology
c.
uniformatarianism
d.
natural selection
d.
natural selection