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Cell Respiration Exam – Data Analysis and Essay Markscheme 17. (a) (b) (c) Q: anaerobic respiration / fermentation; R: aerobic respiration / Kreb’s (citric acid) cycle; 2 A: pyruvate / 3-oxopropanoate; D: carbon dioxide; 2 mitochondrion; 1 [5] 18. (a) (i) carbon dioxide and water Need both to receive the mark. 1 (ii) heat / energy 1 1 (b) (c) starch is broken down transforming into sugar; chlorophyll is broken down so bananas change from green to yellow; increase in respiration causes water release and CO2 formation; 2 max reduce heat of cargo / refrigerate (bananas) to slow respiration rate; lower oxygen / raise nitrogen / carbon dioxide level in cargo atmosphere to inhibit respiration rate; shorten transport distance / time so less time to over ripen; 2 max [6] 19. (a) mitochondria 1 max (b) shows membrane of a mitochondrion / chloroplast; H+ is pumped out across membrane; more H+ outside (from electron transport chain); concentration gradient of H+ is formed / potential energy; H+ movement across membrane through protein channels in ATP synthetase; ADP is phosphorylated / picks up phosphate to ATP; ATP has more energy than ADP; chemiosmosis; 3 max [4] 20. (a) (i) A: cristae / inner membrane; B: matrix; 1 Both needed for [1]. (ii) A: electron transport / proton transport; B: Krebs cycle / ATP synthesis; 1 Both needed for [1]. (b) large surface area of cristae allows electron transport / oxidative phosphorylation to be very efficient; matrix provides necessary chemical environment for the Krebs cycle; small distance between inner and outer membranes allows rapid movement of molecules between cytosol and matrix; small space between membranes allows protons to be accumulated / concentrated; 3 max [5] 2 Essay 21) Award [1] for each correct row, up to [5 max]. Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration occurs in mitochondria occurs in cytoplasm; requires O2 occurs without O2; both produce pyruvate from glucose (glycolysis); uses fatty acids / lipids / amino acids doesn’t use fatty acids; (Krebs cycle) produces CO2 and H2O (fermentation) produces ethanol / CO2 (in yeast); (Krebs cycle) produces CO2 and H2O (fermentation) produces lactate in animals (humans); NADH produced in both; large amount of ATP (36 per glucose molecule) produced small amount of ATP (2 per glucose molecule) produced; 5 max Essay 22) glucose is broken down to pyruvate in the cytoplasm; with a small yield of ATP / net yield of 2 ATP; and NADH + H+ / NADH; aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen; pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA; acetyl CoA enters Krebs cycle; Krebs cycle yields a small amount of ATP / one ATP per cycle; and FADH2 / FADH + H+ / NADH / NADH + H+ / reduced compounds / electron collecting molecules; these molecules pass electrons to electron transport chain; oxygen is final electron acceptor / water produced; electron transport chain linked to creation of an electrochemical gradient; electrochemical gradient / chemiosmosis powers creation of ATP; through ATPase; [8] 3