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Ancient Rome: Republic to Empire Status Mrs. Seeley World History Fall 2016 What is a Republic? • A republic is a government in which citizens have the right to vote and chose the leaders. • In Ancient Rome, only adult males had the right to vote. • In addition, lower-class citizens or plebeians had no rights to vote or hold any governmental position in Ancient Rome. Ancient Rome Social Hierarchy Patricians • Patrician comes from the Latin patres meaning “fathers” • They owned much of the land • Noble patricians considered themselves privileged and better capable of ruling; certain people were born to lead and others were destined to follow. • Seized control of the government after ousting the Etruscan king in 509 BCE • Held powerful positions such as 2 Consuls, priesthood and used that power to disenfranchise the Plebeians. Plebeians • The majority of Roman citizens were Plebeians at this time. • They were denied any part in how, or by whom, they were ruled. • They were considered a lower class. Plebeians could not marry Patricians. However, they were a very diverse group. • They were the urban poor, wealthy farmers, tradesmen, and as well as the core of the Republican Army. • These positions were considered to be menial by the Patricians. Republican Government Rulers of Rome: 2 Consuls Senate Tribal Assembly Each consuls served a oneyear, non-consecutive term. Had little legislative authority, Held power to pass laws. Had supreme executive power. Commanders of Army Representative body for the Patricians. Representative body for Plebeians. Presiding over the Senate and proposing legislation. First established had 100 members, grew to 1000, served for life All citizens were members. Had veto power, so they could veto’s the others decision. Discussed both domestic and Elected tribunes to chose foreign policy but supervised judges and laws. relations with foreign powers. They directed the religious life of Rome, and most importantly, controlled state finances The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE • This provided the political and social rights for plebeians. Rome expands it’s power • It was during this era, that Rome conquered all of Italy. • With each territory conquered, new laws per territory were established. • Rome had created a commercial network, trading items such as wine and oil for raw and manufactured materials. • This lead to direct conflict with Carthage, who was the dominant power of the Western Mediterranean. Carthaginian Empire Founded around 816 BCE. Trade was it’s main economy. Had 220 docks and gleaming columns which rose around it in a half-circle, and was ornamented with Greek sculpture. The Carthaginian trading ships sailed daily to ports all around the Mediterranean Sea. They had a Navy, which protected the trade routes and was known for being the best in the region. The Navy also helped to expand their territories. Punic Wars 264 BCE-146 BCE • Were a series of conflict between the forces of ancient Carthage and Rome. • Carthage had powerful Navy, a mercenary army, and through tribute, tariffs, and trade, enough wealth to do as she pleased. • Carthage did have a treaty with the small city of Rome, she barred Roman trade in the Western Mediterranean and, as Rome had no navy, was able to easily enforce the treaty. Roman traders caught in Carthaginian waters were drowned and their ships taken. First Punic War • Fought over control of the island of Sicily. At the time both Carthage and Rome had equally divided control of the island. • The Mamertines at Messana on Sicily call for Carthaginian and then Roman help in defence against Syracuse, sparking the First Punic War in 264 BCE. • Ends in 241 BCE, with the Roman Navy victory on the islands of Aegates, war part 1 over. Second Punic War featuring Hannibal • Started by the great Carthaginian general Hannibal who took siege to the city of Saguntum, a Roman ally, in 219 BCE. Hannibal did sack the city. • Hannibal, a sworn enemy of Rome, received intelligence that Roman armies were moving against him and, in a bold gamble, marched his forces over the Alps and into northern Italy. • From there he won every single engagement against the Romans. He did conquer northern Italy and gathered former allies of Rome to his side. Hannibal’s route to Italy. Battle of Zama 19 Oct 202 BCE • It was at this battle that Hannibal was defeated by Scipio Africanus ending the Second Punic Wars. Julius Caesar 100 BCE • Gaius Julius Caesar was born 12 July 100 BCE (though some cite 102 as his birth year). His father, also Gaius Julius Caesar, was a Praetor who governed the province of Asia and his mother, Aurelia Cotta, was of noble birth Julius Caesar a brief overview • When he was 16 his father died, and he became head of his family. • He was engaged to plebian girl, but broke it off to marry a patrician, Cornelia. • Caesar was targeted by the Roman Ruler Sulla who wished to purge all his political enemies, so Caesar fled Rome. He returned to Rome after his Mother family intervene. • However, he was stripped of his priesthood and in order to support his family he joined the army. Civil War and Dictators • Leadership of Rome Changes! • Why was he able to take power? • a. poor plebeians had lost land during the wars • b. rich had become corrupt • c. army generals began to take power • How did he obtain power? • 60BC- Joined Crassus and Pompey to form the 1st triumvirate: Ruled for 7 years Caesar continued • He was an effective solider. • Awarded the civic crown for saving a life in battle. • Returned to Rome to become a orator (lawyer). • Kidnapped by pirates near Greece in 75 BCE and held for ransom. • It is said that when pirates told him he would be ransomed for twenty talents, Caesar claimed he was worth at least fifty. • He conquered Gaul, fell in love with Cleopatra and they had a son, Ptolemy Caesar (Caesarian). Caesar Part 2 • In Rome, he was know as a great reformer. • Gave more land to the poor. • Became unpopular with the Senate. • Reformed the calendar, created a police force. • Rebuilt Carthage Beware the Ides of March 44 BC • On March 15, 44 BCE, Caesar was assassinated by the senators in the portico of the basilica of Pompey the Great. • Historians estimate that he was any from 22 to 36 times. Pax Romana (Roman Peace) • Was a period of relative peace and stability across the Roman Empire. • It lasted for over 200 years, beginning with the reign of Augustus (27 BCE-14 CE). • Augustus (Octavian) becomes Emperor. He was Caesars adopted son. • The reign of Augustus from 27 BCE to 14 CE brought peace and security to both politics and trade. The Empire Expands • The Roman Empire under Augustus Warm Up: Please write in complete sentences • What were the three different political structures that the Roman Republic combined? • Who were the ‘mythical” people that founded Rome? • Who were the Patricians? • Who were the Plebeians? • What was the purpose of the Twelve Tables? Rome and the rise of Christianity • The Rise of Christianity By the 3rd Century A.D, Christianity had spread through out the Roman Empire. Crash Course Christianity • https://youtu.be/TG55ErfdaeY • If you need a great study website, I highly recommend Khan Academy. It has world history stuff plus math. I personally used the math portion for my college classes. The Fall of Rome • Rome was not built in a day, nor did it fall in day. • We will examine what factors led to the fall of Rome. Fall of Roman Empire •Period of Disorder created by the violent deaths of 20 emperors (235284 A.D.) •Series of invasions disrupts trade The Empire in Crisis Map • Labor shortage created by plague (epidemic diseases) • Enlarging the army (mercenaries) and civil service depleted Roman funds The Division of the Roman Empire Constantine: 312337 Constantinople: The 2nd Rome est. 330 CE Barbarian Invasions: 4 CE- 5 CE Attila the Hun Other Possible Theories • Christianity’s emphasis on the spiritual kingdom weakened the military • Traditional Roman Values declined as nonItalians gained prominence • Lead Poisoning through water pipes and cups caused mental decline. • Plague wiped out 1/10th of the population • Rome failed to advance technologically because of slavery • Rome was unable to put together a workable political system for its vast empire Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire Roman Legacies • • • • • • • • • • • • Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering Aqueducts Sewage systems Dams Cement Arch A short Video about Rome! • http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/ancientrome/videos/the-fall-of-rome