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The Human Body:
An Introduction
Overview of Anatomy and
Physiology
• Anatomy – the study of the structure
of body parts and their relationships
to one another
– Gross or macroscopic
– Microscopic
– Developmental
Gross Anatomy (macroscopic)
Gross anatomy establishes anatomical landmarks and organ positions within the body. Gross anatomy can be viewed
with the naked eye. Ever wonder why a head wound bleeds so much?
Microscopic Anatomy
The study of microscopic anatomical features. Photo taken in SHHS science lab
by Mr. Benoit
Developmental Anatomy
Developmental anatomy looks at how we change over time.
Gross Anatomy Approaches
• Regional
• Systemic
• Surface
Regional Gross Anatomy– studies all
structures in one part of the body (such as
the abdomen or leg)
Systemic Gross Anatomy-studies the body
by system
Surface Gross Anatomy– study of internal
structures as they relate to the overlying
skin
Upper Right Quadrant, Upper Left Quadrant, Lower
Left Quadrant, Lower Right Quadrant. Through
umbilicus, middle of sternum. Notice positions are
described from perspective of body being studied.
Microscopic Anatomy
• Cytology
• Histology
Cytology – the study of cells
Cyto=cell, logos=study of Red Blood Cells &
Osteocytes
Histology – the study of tissues
The study of the organization of tissues. Sample of lung tissue
Developmental Anatomy
• Traces structural changes throughout life
• Embryology – study of developmental
changes of the body before birth
Embryology
Specialized Branches of
Anatomy
• Pathological anatomy
• Radiographic anatomy
• Molecular biology
Pathological Anatomy – study of structural
changes caused by disease
Triple coronary bypass to provide circulation to ventricular wall due
Cirrhosis (scarring) of liver caused by drug and alcohol abuse.
Radiographic anatomy – study of internal
structures visualized by specialized
scanning procedures such as X-ray, MRI,
and CT scans.
MRI’s use a powerful magnetic field to align hydrogen atoms in water to
view a contrast between soft tissues in the human body.
Computed Tomography (CT/CAT) Scans use two dimensional X-rays to
create 3-d images of internal structures. Arrow show tumors in liver.
Molecular Biology – study of anatomical
structures at a subcellular level
Physiology
Physiology
• Considers the operation of specific organ
systems (How things work)
• Focuses on the functions of the body,
often at the cellular or molecular level
Renal Physiology (ren = kidney)
How we make pee 
http://health.howstuffwork
s.com/adam-200032.htm
Neurophysiology – workings of the nervous
system (neuro- = nerve)
Cardiovascular(cardio =heart, vascular
=blood vessels)
Endocrinology
(endo =within, crin =secretion)
Immunology
(immun = not susceptible)
Respiratory Physiology (respira =
to breathe)
Exercise Physiology
Pathophysiology
Physiology
• Understanding physiology also requires a
knowledge of physics, which explains
– electrical currents
– blood pressure
– the way muscle uses bone for movement
Question?
• Why would you have a hard time
learning and understanding
physiology if you did not also
understand anatomy?
Principle of Complementarity
• Function always reflects structure
• What a structure can do depends on its
specific form
Levels of Structural Organization
• Chemical – atoms combined to form
molecules
• Cellular – cells are made of molecules
• Tissue – consists of similar types of cells
• Organ – made up of different types of
tissues
• Organ system – consists of different
organs that work closely together
• Organismal – made up of the organ
systems
Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
2 Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Atoms
1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
3 Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Heart
Cardiovascular
system
Blood
vessels
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
4 Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues.
Blood
vessel
(organ)
6 Organismal level
The human organism
is made up of many
organ systems.
5 Organ system level
Organ systems consist of
different organs that
work together closely.
Figure 1.1
Levels of Structural Organization
Molecules
Atoms
1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
Figure 1.1
Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
2 Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Molecules
Atoms
1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
Figure 1.1
Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
2 Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Atoms
1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
3 Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Figure 1.1
Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
2 Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Atoms
1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
3 Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
Blood
vessel
(organ)
4 Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues.
Figure 1.1
Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
2 Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Atoms
1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
3 Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Heart
Cardiovascular
system
Blood
vessels
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
4 Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues.
Blood
vessel
(organ)
5 Organ system level
Organ systems consist of
different organs that
work together closely.
Figure 1.1
Levels of Structural Organization
Smooth muscle cell
Molecules
2 Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Atoms
1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
3 Tissue level
Tissues consist of
similar types of cells.
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Heart
Cardiovascular
system
Blood
vessels
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle
tissue
Connective
tissue
4 Organ level
Organs are made up
of different types
of tissues.
Blood
vessel
(organ)
6 Organismal level
The human organism
is made up of many
organ systems.
5 Organ system level
Organ systems consist of
different organs that
work together closely.
Figure 1.1