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Heredity I. How Organisms get their Traits A. Traits - specific ________________ of living things ex.: ___________ and _____ (_____ or ______) ___________ - traits are __________ from one generation of organisms to the next through _____________ B. Family Pedigrees - shows the ________ (history) of the ________ of a trait from one generation to the next in a family C. Randomness of traits - inheritance of traits occurs by ________ - when sex cells are made, _________ occur in the ____________ composition from cell to cell probability: how _____ an event is to occur (___) ex.: coins - ___:___ chance of ______ or _____ parents having children have a ___:___ chance of having a ____ or _____ - may only see _________ of probability with a __________ amount of data - __________ causes one trait to appear more frequently than another - the fact that those traits show up in that frequency is purely due to _________ D. Mendel's Work with Pea Plants - Gregor Mendel - ______________ monk - “_____________________________” - traced the transfer of traits from one generation of _____________ to the next - observed patterns of variation of the following traits: 1. _______________ (_______ or _________) 2. _______________ (______ or _________) 3. _______________ (_______ or ________) 4. _______________ (_______ or ________) 5. _______________ - hypothesized that something _________ was controlling these traits - noted specific ______________ and recorded them - analyzed data for any ___________ of inheritance - constructed ___________ - determined and defined ____ characteristics of inheritance: 1. Genotype - __________ make-up of an organism - represented by ________ or _________ ex.: ___ = tall plants ___ = short plants - the _______________ trait, or gene (the trait which is ________ seen when its gene is ____________) is always represented with a ___________ letter ex.: ___ = tall (____________ trait) - the _____________ trait, or gene, is represented with the _____________ letter that represents the ____________ trait - recessive traits are only seen when the organism is _______ (_____________) recessive- has _____ recessive genes ex.: ___ = short plant (____________) TT = ______ (_____ or __________ dominant) Tt= _____ (_______ or _______________ dominant) tt = _______ (_____ or _____________ recessive) 2. Phenotype - the _________ characteristics created by the ___________ ex.: _____ or ________ plants are phenotypes Tt (_____________) = tall (______________) II. Mendel's Work Explained A. Dominant v. Recessive Traits 1. Homozygous (pure)- when an organism has _____ of the same _________ (_______) of the same ________ in the same _______ - genes (alleles) are either both __________ or ________________ ex.: ____ or ____ 2. Heterozygous (hybrid) - when an organism has two _____________ alleles - one gene is ___________, the other is __________ ex.: ____ ***REMEMBER*** - if the dominant allele (gene) is present, its trait will _________ be expressed B. Punnett Squares and Test Crosses - used to ________ the ____________ of traits appearing in offspring REMEMBER - chromosomes occur in ________ These pairs split during _________ - each parent donates _____ allele to the offspring - ___________ (or _________) the new ___________ to help you determine the __________ (physical characteristics) - always remember to _________ the offspring's genotypes ex.: TT x tt C. Genotypic and Phenotypic Ratios - not always the ________ ex.: B = brown eyes b = blue eyes BB x bb 100 % of the offspring have brown eyes 100 % of the offspring are Bb (hybrid dominant) Bb Bb Bb Bb Bb x Bb 75 % have brown eyes 25 % have blue eyes BB Bb Bb bb (3: 1 __________ ratio) 25 % BB (pure dominant) 50 % Bb (hybrid dominant) 25 % bb (pure recessive) (1:2:1 ___________ ratio) III. Incomplete Dominance and Sex-Linked Traits A. Incomplete Dominance - when there are ___________ genes that are dominant for a trait ex.: __________________, ________________ A = normal trait A' = sickle trait Two parents, both carrying the sickle cell trait visit a genetic counselor to determine what risks they run of having a child with sickle cell anemia. AA' x AA' AA AA’ AA’ A’A’ These parents have a 25 % chance that one of their children will have sickle cell anemia (A'A') B. Sex-Linked Traits - some traits are carried on the _____ pair of chromosomes (_________________) - females = ____ males = _____ - Y chromosome usually does not control the ______________ of any traits - males need only one ________ X chromosome to express a ____________ trait - females need ___ _________ X chromosomes to express a __________ trait - females with one X chromosome carrying a sex-linked trait and one normal X chromosome are called _________, since they _______ the trait, but do not _________ it, and have the potential to ________ it on to their offspring ex.: pattern baldness X = normal X chromosome XB (carrier X chromosome) Y = no traits expressed A woman who is a carrier for pattern baldness marries a man who does not have the trait for pattern baldness. What is the probability that one of their children will have pattern baldness? What sex will that child be? XBX x XY XBY = baldness (male) XX = normal female XY = normal male XBX = carrier female XBX XY XX XBY 25% chance of a child having pattern baldness The child with pattern balness will be male (XY) IV. How Genes Control Traits A. DNA - ________________________ - biological __________ - in shape of a ____________ (twisted ladder) - can have four possible nucleic bases 1. _____________ 2. _____________ 3. _____________ 4. _____________ - pattern of bases determines what _________ are synthesized - each base bonds with only ______ other base - __________ bonds with _________, ___________ bonds with __________ - groups of three bases are called a ________ ex.: _____, _____ - each codon makes a different ____________ - sequences of ___________ make _________ 1. Structure of DNA - double helix (twisted ladder) - current model was proposed by ____________ and ________________ - DNA controls _______, proteins control _______